Faulde Michael K, Pages Frederic, Uedelhoven Waltraud
Department of Medical Entomology/Zoology, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service, PO Box 7340, 56065, Koblenz, Germany.
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Clinics Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
Parasitol Res. 2016 Apr;115(4):1573-82. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4892-2. Epub 2016 Jan 7.
Personal protective measures against hematophagous vectors constitute the first line of defense against arthropod-borne diseases. In this regard, a major advance has been the development of residual insecticides that can be impregnated into clothing. Currently, however, information on specific treatment procedures, initial insecticide concentrations, arthropod toxicity, residual activity, and laundering resistance is either fragmentary or non-existent, and no World Health Organization Pesticides Evaluation Scheme or other guidelines exist for the standardized testing and licensing of insecticide-treated clothing. The aim of this study was to analyze the insecticide content, contact toxicity, laundering resistance, and residual activity of five commercially available and commonly used permethrin-treated fabrics-Insect Shield, ExOfficio, Sol's Monarch T-shirts, battle dress uniforms (BDUs), and Labonal socks-against vector-competent Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex pipiens mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. Prior to laundering, permethrin concentrations ranged from 4300 to 870 mg/m(2) whereas, after 100 defined machine launderings, the remaining permethrin content fell to between 1800 and 20 mg/m(2), a percentage permethrin loss of 58.1 to 98.5 %. The highest 99 % knockdown (KD99) efficacy of permethrin was detected in Ae. aegypti, followed by An. stephensi and Cx. pipiens demonstrating that Ae. aegypti is the most sensitive species and Cx. pipiens the least sensitive. After 100 launderings, the remaining biocidal efficacy differed markedly among the five brands, with KD99 times varying from 38.8 ± 2.9 to >360 min for Ae. aegypti, from 44 ± 3.5 to >360 min for An. stephensi, and from 98 ± 10.6 to >360 min for Cx. pipiens. Overall, the ranking of the residual biocidal efficacies within the five brands tested was as follows: BDU ≈ Labonal > Sol's Monarch > ExOfficio > Insect Shield. When applying German Armed Forces licensing conditions, none of the four products available in the civilian market would completely meet all the necessary efficacy and safety requirements fulfilled by BDUs. Therefore, we strongly recommend standardized testing and licensing procedures for insecticide-treated clothing, with defined cutoff values for initial maximum and post-laundering minimum concentrations of permethrin as well as figures for permethrin migration rates, arthropod toxicity, homogeneity on fabrics, residual activity, and laundering resistance.
针对吸血病媒的个人防护措施是抵御虫媒传播疾病的第一道防线。在这方面，一项重大进展是开发出了可浸渍到衣物中的残留杀虫剂。然而目前，关于具体处理程序、初始杀虫剂浓度、节肢动物毒性、残留活性和耐洗涤性的信息要么支离破碎，要么根本不存在，而且世界卫生组织农药评价计划或其他指南也没有针对经杀虫剂处理衣物的标准化测试和许可。本研究的目的是在实验室条件下，分析五种市售且常用的经氯菊酯处理的织物——防虫盾（Insect Shield）、ExOfficio、索尔君主T恤（Sol's Monarch T-shirts）、战斗服（BDUs）和拉博纳尔袜子（Labonal socks）——针对具有病媒传播能力的埃及伊蚊、斯氏按蚊和致倦库蚊的杀虫剂含量、接触毒性、耐洗涤性和残留活性。在洗涤前，氯菊酯浓度范围为4300至870毫克/平方米，而在进行100次规定的机器洗涤后，剩余氯菊酯含量降至1800至20毫克/平方米之间，氯菊酯损失百分比为58.1%至98.5%。在埃及伊蚊中检测到氯菊酯的最高99%击倒（KD99）效力，其次是斯氏按蚊和致倦库蚊，这表明埃及伊蚊是最敏感的物种，致倦库蚊是最不敏感的。在100次洗涤后，五个品牌的剩余杀菌效力差异显著，埃及伊蚊的KD99时间从38.8±2.9分钟到>360分钟不等，斯氏按蚊从44±3.5分钟到>360分钟不等，致倦库蚊从98±10.6分钟到>360分钟不等。总体而言，在所测试的五个品牌中，残留杀菌效力的排名如下：战斗服≈拉博纳尔>索尔君主>ExOfficio>防虫盾。按照德国武装部队的许可条件，民用市场上现有的四种产品没有一种能完全满足战斗服所满足的所有必要效力和安全要求。因此，我们强烈建议对经杀虫剂处理的衣物进行标准化测试和许可程序，明确规定氯菊酯初始最大浓度和洗涤后最小浓度的截止值以及氯菊酯迁移率、节肢动物毒性、织物均匀性、残留活性和耐洗涤性的数据。
