Gamble Tim, Walker Ian
Department of Psychology, University of Bath
Department of Psychology, University of Bath.
Psychol Sci. 2016 Feb;27(2):289-94. doi: 10.1177/0956797615620784. Epub 2016 Jan 6.
Humans adapt their risk-taking behavior on the basis of perceptions of safety; this risk-compensation phenomenon is typified by people taking increased risks when using protective equipment. Existing studies have looked at people who know they are using safety equipment and have specifically focused on changes in behaviors for which that equipment might reduce risk. Here, we demonstrated that risk taking increases in people who are not explicitly aware they are wearing protective equipment; furthermore, this happens for behaviors that could not be made safer by that equipment. In a controlled study in which a helmet, compared with a baseball cap, was used as the head mount for an eye tracker, participants scored significantly higher on laboratory measures of both risk taking and sensation seeking. This happened despite there being no risk for the helmet to ameliorate and despite it being introduced purely as an eye tracker. The results suggest that unconscious activation of safety-related concepts primes globally increased risk propensity.
人类会根据对安全的认知来调整自己的冒险行为；这种风险补偿现象的典型表现是人们在使用防护设备时会承担更大的风险。现有研究关注的是那些知道自己在使用安全设备的人，并特别关注该设备可能降低风险的行为变化。在此，我们证明，在那些没有明确意识到自己佩戴了防护设备的人身上，冒险行为也会增加；此外，对于那些该设备无法使其更安全的行为，冒险行为同样会增加。在一项对照研究中，将头盔（与棒球帽相比）用作眼动仪的头戴装置，参与者在冒险和寻求刺激的实验室测量中得分显著更高。尽管头盔并不能改善任何风险，且其纯粹作为眼动仪被引入，但仍出现了这种情况。结果表明，与安全相关概念的无意识激活会引发整体风险倾向的增加。
