Flegontov Pavel, Changmai Piya, Zidkova Anastassiya, Logacheva Maria D, Altınışık N Ezgi, Flegontova Olga, Gelfand Mikhail S, Gerasimov Evgeny S, Khrameeva Ekaterina E, Konovalova Olga P, Neretina Tatiana, Nikolsky Yuri V, Starostin George, Stepanova Vita V, Travinsky Igor V, Tříska Martin, Tříska Petr, Tatarinova Tatiana V
Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 11;6:20768. doi: 10.1038/srep20768.
The Kets, an ethnic group in the Yenisei River basin, Russia, are considered the last nomadic hunter-gatherers of Siberia, and Ket language has no transparent affiliation with any language family. We investigated connections between the Kets and Siberian and North American populations, with emphasis on the Mal'ta and Paleo-Eskimo ancient genomes, using original data from 46 unrelated samples of Kets and 42 samples of their neighboring ethnic groups (Uralic-speaking Nganasans, Enets, and Selkups). We genotyped over 130,000 autosomal SNPs, identified mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups, and performed high-coverage genome sequencing of two Ket individuals. We established that Nganasans, Kets, Selkups, and Yukaghirs form a cluster of populations most closely related to Paleo-Eskimos in Siberia (not considering indigenous populations of Chukotka and Kamchatka). Kets are closely related to modern Selkups and to some Bronze and Iron Age populations of the Altai region, with all these groups sharing a high degree of Mal'ta ancestry. Implications of these findings for the linguistic hypothesis uniting Ket and Na-Dene languages into a language macrofamily are discussed.
凯特人是俄罗斯叶尼塞河流域的一个民族，被认为是西伯利亚最后的游牧狩猎采集部落，凯特语与任何语系都没有明显的关联。我们利用来自46个不相关的凯特人样本以及42个其相邻民族（讲乌拉尔语的恩加纳桑人、埃涅茨人以及塞尔库普人）的原始数据，研究了凯特人与西伯利亚及北美人群之间的联系，重点关注了马尔塔人和古爱斯基摩人的古代基因组。我们对超过13万个常染色体单核苷酸多态性进行了基因分型，确定了线粒体和Y染色体单倍群，并对两名凯特人个体进行了高覆盖度的基因组测序。我们确定，恩加纳桑人、凯特人、塞尔库普人和尤卡吉尔人形成了一个与西伯利亚古爱斯基摩人关系最为密切的人群集群（不考虑楚科奇和堪察加的原住民）。凯特人与现代塞尔库普人以及阿尔泰地区的一些青铜和铁器时代人群关系密切，所有这些群体都有高度的马尔塔血统。本文讨论了这些发现对将凯特语和纳-德内语归为一个语言大系的语言学假设的影响。
