Tamm Eric P, Bhosale Priya, Lee Jeffrey H, Rohren Eric M
Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1473, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1473, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2016 Apr;25(2):375-400. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2015.11.007.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare tumors that present many imaging challenges, from detecting small functional tumors to fully staging large nonfunctioning tumors, including identifying all sites of metastatic disease, particularly nodal and hepatic, and depicting vascular involvement. The correct choice of imaging modality requires knowledge of the tumor type (eg, gastrinoma versus insulinoma), and also the histology (well vs poorly differentiated). Evolving techniques in computed tomography (CT), MRI, endoscopic ultrasonography, and nuclear medicine, such as dual-energy CT, diffusion-weighted MRI, liver-specific magnetic resonance contrast agents, and new nuclear medicine agents, offer new ways to visualize, and ultimately manage, these tumors.
胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤是罕见肿瘤，在成像方面存在诸多挑战，从检测小的功能性肿瘤到全面分期大的无功能性肿瘤，包括识别所有转移病灶部位，尤其是淋巴结和肝脏部位，以及描绘血管受累情况。正确选择成像方式需要了解肿瘤类型（如胃泌素瘤与胰岛素瘤）以及组织学情况（高分化与低分化）。计算机断层扫描（CT）、磁共振成像（MRI）、内镜超声检查和核医学等不断发展的技术，如双能CT、扩散加权MRI、肝脏特异性磁共振造影剂和新型核医学药物，为可视化并最终管理这些肿瘤提供了新方法。
