Denny Joshua E, Powell Whitney L, Schmidt Nathan W
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2016 Apr 11;6:41. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00041. eCollection 2016.
Preservation of health from infectious diseases depends upon both mucosal and systemic immunity via the collaborative effort of innate and adaptive immune responses. The proficiency of host immunity stems from robust defense mechanisms--physical barriers and specialized immune cells--and a failure of these mechanisms leads to pathology. Intriguingly, immunocompetence to pathogens can be shaped by the gut microbiome as recent publications highlight a dynamic interplay between the gut microbiome and host susceptibility to infection. Modulation of host immunity to enteric pathogens has long been studied where gut bacteria shape multiple facts of both innate and adaptive immunity. Conversely, the impact of gut commensals on host immunity to extra-gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections has only recently been recognized. In this context, the gut microbiome can augment host immunity to extra-GI tract bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. This review explores the research that affords insight into the role of the gut microbiome in various infectious diseases, with a particular emphasis on extra-GI tract infections. A better understanding of the link between the gut microbiome and infectious disease will be critical for improving global health in the years ahead.
预防传染病需要通过先天免疫和适应性免疫反应的协同作用，依靠黏膜免疫和全身免疫。宿主免疫的效能源于强大的防御机制——物理屏障和特殊免疫细胞——而这些机制的失效会导致病变。有趣的是，肠道微生物群能够塑造对病原体的免疫能力，因为最近的出版物强调了肠道微生物群与宿主感染易感性之间的动态相互作用。长期以来，人们一直在研究肠道细菌如何塑造先天免疫和适应性免疫的多个方面，从而调节宿主对肠道病原体的免疫。相反，肠道共生菌对宿主抵抗胃肠道外（GI）感染的免疫影响直到最近才被认识到。在这种情况下，肠道微生物群可以增强宿主对胃肠道外细菌、病毒和寄生虫病原体的免疫。这篇综述探讨了相关研究，这些研究有助于深入了解肠道微生物群在各种传染病中的作用，尤其着重于胃肠道外感染。更好地理解肠道微生物群与传染病之间的联系，对于未来改善全球健康至关重要。
