Department of Community Health Sciences, Specialization in Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada.
Healthcare (Basel). 2013 Jul 25;1(1):20-52. doi: 10.3390/healthcare1010020.
So far, the very meaning of health and therefore, treatment and rehabilitation is benchmarked to the normal or species-typical body. We expect certain abilities in members of a species; we expect humans to walk but not to fly, but a bird we expect to fly. However, increasingly therapeutic interventions have the potential to give recipients beyond species-typical body related abilities (therapeutic enhancements, TE). We believe that the perfect storm of TE, the shift in ability expectations toward beyond species-typical body abilities, and the increasing desire of health consumers to shape the health system will increasingly influence various aspects of health care practice, policy, and scholarship. We employed qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate among others how human enhancement, neuro/cognitive enhancement, brain machine interfaces, and social robot discourses cover (a) healthcare, healthcare policy, and healthcare ethics, (b) disability and (c) health consumers and how visible various assessment fields are within Neuro/Cogno/ Human enhancement and within the BMI and social robotics discourse. We found that health care, as such, is little discussed, as are health care policy and ethics; that the term consumers (but not health consumers) is used; that technology, impact and needs assessment is absent; and that the imagery of disabled people is primarily a medical one. We submit that now, at this early stage, is the time to gain a good understanding of what drives the push for the enhancement agenda and enhancement-enabling devices, and the dynamics around acceptance and diffusion of therapeutic enhancements.
到目前为止，健康的意义，以及因此，治疗和康复，都是以正常或物种典型的身体为基准的。我们期望一个物种的成员具有某些能力；我们期望人类能够行走而不是飞翔，但我们期望鸟类能够飞翔。然而，越来越多的治疗干预措施有可能赋予接受者超越物种典型身体相关的能力（治疗增强，TE）。我们相信，治疗增强的完美风暴，对超越物种典型身体能力的能力期望的转变，以及健康消费者塑造健康系统的愿望日益增强，将越来越多地影响医疗保健实践、政策和学术的各个方面。我们采用了定性和定量的方法来研究，除其他外，人类增强、神经/认知增强、脑机接口和社交机器人的论述如何涵盖（a）医疗保健、医疗保健政策和医疗保健伦理，（b）残疾和（c）健康消费者，以及各种评估领域在神经/认知/人类增强以及 BMI 和社交机器人论述中的可见度。我们发现，医疗保健本身很少被讨论，医疗保健政策和伦理也是如此；使用了术语消费者（但不是健康消费者）；缺乏技术、影响和需求评估；残疾人士的形象主要是医学方面的。我们认为，现在，在这个早期阶段，是时候很好地了解推动增强议程和增强使能设备的动力，以及治疗增强的接受和扩散的动态。
