Kim So W, Gupta Ravi, Lee Seo H, Min Cheol W, Agrawal Ganesh K, Rakwal Randeep, Kim Jong B, Jo Ick H, Park Soo-Yun, Kim Jae K, Kim Young-Chang, Bang Kyong H, Kim Sun T
Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang South Korea.
Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry, KathmanduNepal; Global Research Arch for Developing Education Academy Private Limited, BirgunjNepal.
Front Plant Sci. 2016 Jul 4;7:994. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00994. eCollection 2016.
Panax ginseng roots are well known for their medicinal properties and have been used in Korean and Chinese traditional medicines for 1000s of years. However, the medicinal value of P. ginseng fruits remain poorly characterized. In this study, we used an integrated biochemical, proteomics, and metabolomics approach to look into the medicinal properties of ginseng fruits. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] assays showed higher antioxidant activities in ginseng fruits than leaves or roots. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) profiling of ginseng fruit proteins (cv. Cheongsun) showed more than 400 spots wherein a total of 81 protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry using NCBInr, UniRef, and an in-house developed RNAseq (59,251 protein sequences)-based databases. Gene ontology analysis showed that most of the identified proteins were related to the hydrolase (18%), oxidoreductase (16%), and ATP binding (15%) activities. Further, a comparative proteome analysis of four cultivars of ginseng fruits (cvs. Yunpoong, Gumpoong, Chunpoong, and Cheongsun) led to the identification of 22 differentially modulated protein spots. Using gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS), 66 metabolites including amino acids, sugars, organic acids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and policosanols were identified and quantified. Some of these are well known medicinal compounds and were not previously identified in ginseng. Interestingly, the concentration of almost all metabolites was higher in the Chunpoong and Gumpoong cultivars. Parallel comparison of the four cultivars also revealed higher amounts of the medicinal metabolites in Chunpoong and Gumpoong cultivars. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ginseng fruits are a rich source of medicinal compounds with potential beneficial health effects.
人参根因其药用特性而闻名，已在韩国和中国传统医学中使用了数千年。然而，人参果实的药用价值仍未得到充分表征。在本研究中，我们采用综合生化、蛋白质组学和代谢组学方法来探究人参果实的药用特性。DPPH（1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼）和ABTS [2,2'-联氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）] 测定表明，人参果实的抗氧化活性高于叶子或根。人参果实蛋白质（青天品种）的二维凝胶电泳（2-DE）图谱显示有400多个斑点，其中使用NCBInr、UniRef和基于内部开发的RNAseq（59,251个蛋白质序列）的数据库通过质谱鉴定了总共81个蛋白质斑点。基因本体分析表明，大多数鉴定出的蛋白质与水解酶（18%）、氧化还原酶（16%）和ATP结合（15%）活性有关。此外，对四个人参果实品种（云平、锦波、春波和青天）的比较蛋白质组分析导致鉴定出22个差异调节的蛋白质斑点。使用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱（GC-TOF MS），鉴定并定量了66种代谢物，包括氨基酸、糖类、有机酸、酚酸、植物甾醇、生育酚和多廿醇。其中一些是众所周知的药用化合物，以前在人参中未被鉴定出来。有趣的是，春波和锦波品种中几乎所有代谢物的浓度都较高。对这四个品种的平行比较还揭示了春波和锦波品种中药用代谢物的含量更高。综上所述，我们的结果表明人参果实是具有潜在有益健康作用的药用化合物的丰富来源。
