Siafaka Panoraia I, Üstündağ Okur Neslihan, Karavas Evangelos, Bikiaris Dimitrios N
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Macedonia, Greece.
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz 34810, Istanbul, Turkey.
Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Aug 31;17(9):1440. doi: 10.3390/ijms17091440.
Nanocarriers, due to their unique features, are of increased interest among researchers working with pharmaceutical formulations. Polymeric nanoparticles and nanocapsules, involving non-toxic biodegradable polymers, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic-organic nanomaterials, are among the most used carriers for drugs for a broad spectrum of targeted diseases. In fact, oral, injectable, transdermal-dermal and ocular formulations mainly consist of the aforementioned nanomaterials demonstrating promising characteristics such as long circulation, specific targeting, high drug loading capacity, enhanced intracellular penetration, and so on. Over the last decade, huge advances in the development of novel, safer and less toxic nanocarriers with amended properties have been made. In addition, multifunctional nanocarriers combining chemical substances, vitamins and peptides via coupling chemistry, inorganic particles coated by biocompatible materials seem to play a key role considering that functionalization can enhance characteristics such as biocompatibility, targetability, environmental friendliness, and intracellular penetration while also have limited side effects. This review aims to summarize the "state of the art" of drug delivery carriers in nanosize, paying attention to their surface functionalization with ligands and other small or polymeric compounds so as to upgrade active and passive targeting, different release patterns as well as cell targeting and stimuli responsibility. Lastly, future aspects and potential uses of nanoparticulated drug systems are outlined.
由于其独特的特性，纳米载体在从事药物制剂研究的人员中越来越受到关注。聚合物纳米颗粒和纳米胶囊，包括无毒的可生物降解聚合物、脂质体、固体脂质纳米颗粒和无机-有机纳米材料，是用于治疗广泛靶向疾病的最常用药物载体。事实上，口服、注射、透皮-皮肤和眼部制剂主要由上述纳米材料组成，这些材料具有诸如长循环、特异性靶向、高载药量、增强的细胞内渗透等有前景的特性。在过去十年中，在开发具有改良特性的新型、更安全、毒性更小的纳米载体方面取得了巨大进展。此外，通过偶联化学将化学物质、维生素和肽结合在一起的多功能纳米载体，由生物相容性材料包覆的无机颗粒似乎起着关键作用，因为功能化可以增强生物相容性、靶向性、环境友好性和细胞内渗透等特性，同时副作用也有限。本综述旨在总结纳米级药物递送载体的“最新技术水平”，关注它们用配体和其他小分子或聚合物化合物进行的表面功能化，以提升主动和被动靶向、不同的释放模式以及细胞靶向和刺激响应性。最后，概述了纳米颗粒药物系统的未来发展方向和潜在用途。
