Gołaś Artur, Maszczyk Adam, Zajac Adam, Mikołajec Kazimierz, Stastny Petr
Department of Sports Training; The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice; Poland.
Department of Team Sport Games; The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice; Poland.
J Hum Kinet. 2016 Sep 10;52:95-106. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0197. eCollection 2016 Sep 1.
Post activation potentiation (PAP) has shown improved performance during movements requiring large muscular power output following contractions under near maximal load conditions. PAP can be described as an acute enhancement of performance or an enhancement of factors determining an explosive sports activity following a preload stimulus. In practice, PAP has been achieved by complex training, which involves a combination of a heavy loaded exercise followed by a biomechanically similar explosive activity, best if specific for a particular sport discipline. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PAP on performance in explosive motor activities specific for basketball, luge and athletics throws. The novel approach to the experiments included individualized recovery time (IRT) between the conditioning exercise and the explosive activity. Additionally, the research groups were homogenous and included only competitive athletes of similar age and training experience. Thirty one well trained athletes from 3 different sport disciplines participated in the study. All athletes performed a heavy loaded conditioning activity (80-130%1RM) followed by a biomechanically similar explosive exercise, during which power (W) or the rate of power development (W/s/kg) was evaluated. The results of our experiment confirmed the effectiveness of PAP with well-trained athlets during explosive motor activities such as jumping, throwing and pushing. Additionally, our research showed that eccentric supramaximal intensities (130% 1RM) can be effective in eliciting PAP in strength trained athletes. Our experiments also showed that the IRT should be individualized because athletes differ in the strength level, training experience and muscle fiber structure. In the three experiments conducted with basketball players, track and field athletes and luge athletes, the optimal IRT equaled 6 min. This justifies the need to individualize the volume and intensity of the CA, and especially the IRT, between the CA and the explosive activity.
激活后增强效应（PAP）已表明，在接近最大负荷条件下收缩后，进行需要大量肌肉力量输出的运动时，运动表现会得到改善。PAP可被描述为在预负荷刺激后，运动表现的急性增强或决定爆发性体育活动的因素的增强。在实践中，PAP是通过复合训练实现的，复合训练包括一次重负荷练习，随后进行生物力学上类似的爆发性活动，如果针对特定体育项目则效果更佳。本研究的主要目的是调查PAP对篮球、雪橇和田径投掷项目中特定的爆发性运动表现的影响。实验的新方法包括在条件训练运动和爆发性活动之间设置个性化恢复时间（IRT）。此外，研究组是同质的，仅包括年龄和训练经验相似的竞技运动员。来自3个不同运动项目的31名训练有素的运动员参与了该研究。所有运动员都先进行一次重负荷条件训练活动（80 - 130%1RM），随后进行生物力学上类似的爆发性运动，在此期间评估功率（W）或功率发展速率（W/s/kg）。我们的实验结果证实了PAP对训练有素的运动员在诸如跳跃、投掷和推等爆发性运动活动中的有效性。此外，我们的研究表明，离心超最大强度（130% 1RM）对力量训练的运动员引发PAP可能有效。我们的实验还表明，IRT应该个性化，因为运动员在力量水平、训练经验和肌肉纤维结构方面存在差异。在对篮球运动员、田径运动员和雪橇运动员进行的三项实验中，最佳IRT为6分钟。这证明了在条件训练和爆发性活动之间，需要对条件训练的量和强度，尤其是IRT进行个性化调整。
