Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
Biosensors (Basel). 2017 Jul 4;7(3):25. doi: 10.3390/bios7030025.
Rapid diagnosis is crucial to effectively treating any disease. Biological markers, or biomarkers, have been widely used to diagnose a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The detection of biomarkers in patient samples can also provide valuable information regarding progression and prognosis. Interestingly, many such biomarkers are composed of lipids, and are amphiphilic in biochemistry, which leads them to be often sequestered by host carriers. Such sequestration enhances the difficulty of developing sensitive and accurate sensors for these targets. Many of the physiologically relevant molecules involved in pathogenesis and disease are indeed amphiphilic. This chemical property is likely essential for their biological function, but also makes them challenging to detect and quantify in vitro. In order to understand pathogenesis and disease progression while developing effective diagnostics, it is important to account for the biochemistry of lipid and amphiphilic biomarkers when creating novel techniques for the quantitative measurement of these targets. Here, we review techniques and methods used to detect lipid and amphiphilic biomarkers associated with disease, as well as their feasibility for use as diagnostic targets, highlighting the significance of their biochemical properties in the design and execution of laboratory and diagnostic strategies. The biochemistry of biological molecules is clearly relevant to their physiological function, and calling out the need for consideration of this feature in their study, and use as vaccine, diagnostic and therapeutic targets is the overarching motivation for this review.
快速诊断对于有效治疗任何疾病都至关重要。生物标志物已被广泛用于诊断各种感染性和非传染性疾病。在患者样本中检测生物标志物还可以提供有关疾病进展和预后的有价值信息。有趣的是，许多此类生物标志物由脂质组成，在生物化学中具有两亲性，这导致它们经常被宿主载体隔离。这种隔离增加了开发针对这些靶标的敏感和准确传感器的难度。许多与发病机制和疾病相关的生理相关分子实际上都是两亲性的。这种化学性质可能对它们的生物学功能至关重要，但也使得它们在体外检测和定量变得具有挑战性。为了在开发有效诊断方法的同时了解发病机制和疾病进展，在为这些靶标创建定量测量的新方法时，考虑脂质和两亲性生物标志物的生物化学特性非常重要。在这里，我们回顾了用于检测与疾病相关的脂质和两亲性生物标志物的技术和方法，以及它们作为诊断靶标的可行性，突出了其生化特性在设计和执行实验室和诊断策略中的重要性。生物分子的生物化学显然与其生理功能相关，因此在研究和将其用作疫苗、诊断和治疗靶标时，需要考虑这一特征，这是本综述的主要动机。
