Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
Toxins (Basel). 2017 Aug 9;9(8):246. doi: 10.3390/toxins9080246.
To assess the occurrence of toxins in wheat in Switzerland, an eight-year survey was conducted by analysing a total of 686 harvest samples from growers using LC-MS/MS. Between 2007 and 2010, 527 samples were obtained from 17 cantons. Between 2011 and 2014, 159 samples were collected from the canton Berne. The most frequent toxins detected were deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and nivalenol (NIV). The overall mean DON content in all samples was 607 µg/kg, and 11% exceeded the European limit for unprocessed cereals for foodstuffs (1250 µg/kg). For ZEA (mean 39 µg/kg), 7% exceeded the respective limit (100 µg/kg), and the mean content of NIV (no limit established) was 15 µg/kg. Between the years, the ratio of mycotoxin-contaminated samples ranged between 52% and 98% for DON, 9% and 43% for ZEA and 0% and 49% for NIV. The yearly mean contents varied substantially between 68 and 1310 µg/kg for DON, 5 and 56 µg/kg for ZEA and 6 and 29 µg/kg for NIV. The geographic origin showed a significant effect on DON and ZEA contamination, but was inconsistent between the years. This study has shown that the majority of Swiss-produced wheat is, in terms of toxins, fit for human consumption and feed purposes. Nevertheless, depending on the year, high toxin contents can be expected, an issue that growers, cereal collection centres and the food industry have to deal with to ensure food and feed safety.
为了评估瑞士小麦中真菌毒素的发生情况，采用 LC-MS/MS 对种植者采集的 686 个收获样本进行了为期八年的调查。2007 年至 2010 年，从 17 个州获得了 527 个样本。2011 年至 2014 年，从伯尔尼州收集了 159 个样本。检测到的最常见毒素是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）和雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（NIV）。所有样本中 DON 的平均含量为 607μg/kg，11%的样本超过了食品用未加工谷物的欧洲限量（1250μg/kg）。ZEA 的平均含量为 39μg/kg，7%的样本超过了相应的限量（100μg/kg），NIV 的平均含量（未建立限量）为 15μg/kg。各年之间，DON 污染样本的比例在 52%至 98%之间，ZEA 的比例在 9%至 43%之间，NIV 的比例在 0%至 49%之间。DON 的年平均含量在 68 至 1310μg/kg 之间变化很大，ZEA 的年平均含量在 5 至 56μg/kg 之间变化，NIV 的年平均含量在 6 至 29μg/kg 之间变化。地理来源对 DON 和 ZEA 的污染有显著影响，但各年之间不一致。本研究表明，就毒素而言，瑞士生产的大部分小麦适合人类消费和饲料用途。然而，根据年份的不同，可能会出现高毒素含量的情况，种植者、谷物收集中心和食品工业必须应对这一问题，以确保食品和饲料安全。
