Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box # 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
J Nanobiotechnology. 2018 Feb 16;16(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12951-018-0334-5.
Use of silver and silver salts is as old as human civilization but the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has only recently been recognized. They have been specifically used in agriculture and medicine as antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidants. It has been demonstrated that Ag NPs arrest the growth and multiplication of many bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter koseri, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and fungus Candida albicans by binding Ag/Ag with the biomolecules present in the microbial cells. It has been suggested that Ag NPs produce reactive oxygen species and free radicals which cause apoptosis leading to cell death preventing their replication. Since Ag NPs are smaller than the microorganisms, they diffuse into cell and rupture the cell wall which has been shown from SEM and TEM images of the suspension containing nanoparticles and pathogens. It has also been shown that smaller nanoparticles are more toxic than the bigger ones. Ag NPs are also used in packaging to prevent damage of food products by pathogens. The toxicity of Ag NPs is dependent on the size, concentration, pH of the medium and exposure time to pathogens.
银和银盐的使用可以追溯到人类文明的起源，但纳米银颗粒（Ag NPs）的制造直到最近才被人们认识到。它们已经被专门用于农业和医学领域，作为抗菌、抗真菌和抗氧化剂。已经证明，Ag NPs 通过与微生物细胞中存在的生物分子结合 Ag/Ag 来阻止许多细菌（如蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、科氏柠檬酸杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、副溶血性弧菌和真菌白色念珠菌）的生长和繁殖。有人认为，Ag NPs 会产生活性氧和自由基，导致细胞凋亡，从而阻止其复制。由于 Ag NPs 比微生物小，它们会扩散到细胞内并破坏细胞壁，这可以从含有纳米颗粒和病原体的悬浮液的 SEM 和 TEM 图像中看出。也有人指出，较小的纳米颗粒比大的纳米颗粒毒性更大。Ag NPs 也被用于包装，以防止病原体对食品的损害。Ag NPs 的毒性取决于其大小、浓度、介质的 pH 值和与病原体接触的时间。
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