Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom.
Proteomics. 2018 Sep;18(18):e1700312. doi: 10.1002/pmic.201700312. Epub 2018 May 28.
Cells are a fundamental unit of life, and the ability to study the phenotypes and behaviors of individual cells is crucial to understanding the workings of complex biological systems. Cell phenotypes (epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) exhibit dramatic heterogeneity between and within the different cell types and states underlying cellular functional diversity. Cell genotypes can also display heterogeneity throughout an organism, in the form of somatic genetic variation-most notably in the emergence and evolution of tumors. Recent technical advances in single-cell isolation and the development of omics approaches sensitive enough to reveal these aspects of cell identity have enabled a revolution in the study of multicellular systems. In this review, we discuss the technologies available to resolve the genomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes of single cells from a wide variety of living systems.
细胞是生命的基本单位，能够研究单个细胞的表型和行为对于理解复杂生物系统的工作原理至关重要。细胞表型（表观基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学）在不同细胞类型和细胞状态之间以及内部表现出显著的异质性，这些异质性是细胞功能多样性的基础。细胞基因型也可以在整个生物体中表现出异质性，以体细胞遗传变异的形式存在，尤其是在肿瘤的发生和进化中。单细胞分离技术的最新进展和足够灵敏的组学方法的发展，使得对多细胞系统的研究发生了革命性的变化。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了可用于解析来自各种生物系统的单个细胞的基因组、表观基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组的技术。
