Adjusting urinary chemical biomarkers for hydration status during pregnancy.

One way of assessing a population's exposure to environmental chemicals is by measuring urinary biomarker concentrations, which can vary depending on the hydration status of the individual. The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy can impact the hydration adjustment approaches, such as calculating the individual's urinary flow rate (UFR), or adjusting concentrations using specific gravity (SG) or creatinine. A total of 1260 serial spot urine samples were collected from 80 women, averaging 32.4 years of age, throughout and shortly after pregnancy. The relationship between each approach was examined and time of day and across pregnancy differences were tested using linear mixed models. The correlation between the calculated excretion rate and each of the adjustment techniques was examined on a selection of seven phthalate metabolites. Based on the linear mixed model results, we found that UFR and creatinine excretion rates differed systematically across the population, with respect to body mass index (BMI) and time. SG differed with respect to BMI, but there were no systematic time trends. SG had the highest within-person reproducibility, according to the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The excretion rate of each of the phthalates was most strongly correlated with the SG-standardized concentration. This analysis showed that SG showed a slightly better within-person reproducibility and the least amount of systematic variation when compared to creatinine adjustment. Therefore, SG correction appears to be a favorable approach for correcting for the hydration status of the pregnant women from this cohort.