College of Liberal Arts, Rochester Institute of Technology, 18 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.
Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2018 Sep-Oct;69:39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.07.003. Epub 2018 Aug 4.
Use and co-use of tobacco and marijuana during pregnancy are associated with the development of social, cognitive, and behavioral problems for infants and children. However, less is known about the potential developmental impact of the use of tobacco and marijuana in tandem. The present study examined an etiological model for the development of externalizing behavior problems (EBP) in early childhood in a high risk sample (N = 247) of mother-infant dyads with prospective data from pregnancy to 36 months of child age. Co-use during pregnancy and continued maternal tobacco and marijuana use from infancy through early childhood were investigated. Although direct pathways from exposure during pregnancy to EBP were not significant, there was a significant indirect pathway from prenatal tobacco use to EBP via lower breastfeeding duration to lower maternal warmth/sensitivity to EBP, and a pathway from higher maternal affective dysregulation to higher EBP. These results highlight the importance of considering cascading effects of substance use during pregnancy on parental processes within the context of developmental risk and protection.
孕期使用烟草和大麻会导致婴儿和儿童出现社交、认知和行为问题。然而，对于同时使用烟草和大麻的潜在发育影响，人们知之甚少。本研究在一个高风险的母婴对子样本（N=247）中，从孕期到儿童 36 个月的前瞻性数据，检验了一个儿童早期外化行为问题（EBP）发展的病因模型。研究调查了孕期共同使用烟草和大麻，以及从婴儿期到幼儿期持续使用烟草和大麻对儿童的影响。虽然孕期暴露与 EBP 之间没有直接的关联路径，但产前使用烟草与 EBP 之间存在间接的关联路径，即母乳喂养时间较短会导致母亲的温暖/敏感性降低，进而导致 EBP 增加，而母亲的情感失调程度较高则会导致 EBP 增加。这些结果强调了在发育风险和保护的背景下，考虑孕期使用物质对父母过程的级联效应的重要性。
