School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
Nutrients. 2018 Aug 23;10(9):1151. doi: 10.3390/nu10091151.
Human milk provides essential substrates for the optimal growth and development of a breastfed infant. Besides providing nutrients to the infant, human milk also contains metabolites which form an intricate system between maternal lifestyle, such as the mother's diet and the gut microbiome, and infant outcomes. This study investigates the variation of these human milk metabolites from five different countries. Human milk samples ( = 109) were collected one month postpartum from Australia, Japan, the USA, Norway, and South Africa and were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed separation between either maternal countries of origin or ethnicities. Variation between countries in concentration of metabolites, such as 2-oxoglutarate, creatine, and glutamine, in human milk, between countries, could provide insights into problems, such as mastitis and/or impaired functions of the mammary glands. Several important markers of milk production, such as lactose, betaine, creatine, glutamate, and glutamine, showed good correlation between each metabolite. This work highlights the importance of milk metabolites with respect to maternal lifestyle and the environment, and also provides the framework for future breastfeeding and microbiome studies in a global context.
人乳为人乳喂养婴儿的最佳生长和发育提供了必需的基质。除了为人乳喂养的婴儿提供营养物质外，人乳中还含有代谢物，这些代谢物在母体生活方式（如母亲的饮食和肠道微生物组）和婴儿的结果之间形成了一个复杂的系统。本研究调查了来自五个不同国家的这些人乳代谢物的变化。在产后一个月，从澳大利亚、日本、美国、挪威和南非收集了人乳样本（n=109），并通过核磁共振进行了分析。偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）显示了母亲原籍国或种族之间的分离。人乳中代谢物（如 2-氧戊二酸、肌酸和谷氨酰胺）浓度在国家之间的差异，可能为乳腺炎和/或乳腺功能受损等问题提供了一些见解。一些重要的产奶标志物，如乳糖、甜菜碱、肌酸、谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺，在每种代谢物之间都表现出很好的相关性。这项工作强调了人乳代谢物与人乳喂养母亲的生活方式和环境之间的重要性，也为人乳喂养和微生物组在全球范围内的未来研究提供了框架。
