Arif Ali Talib, Maschowski Christoph, Garra Patxi, Garcia-Käufer Manuel, Petithory Tatiana, Trouvé Gwenaëlle, Dieterlen Alain, Mersch-Sundermann Volker, Khanaqa Polla, Nazarenko Irina, Gminski Richard, Gieré Reto
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU) and Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research (KISSR), Qirga - Sulaimani, Iraq.
Atmos Environ (1994). 2017 Aug;163:138-154. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.019. Epub 2017 May 17.
Inhalation of particulate matter (PM) from residential biomass combustion is epidemiologically associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. This study investigates PM emissions from combustion of commercial Miscanthus straw (MS), softwood chips (SWC) and beech wood chips (BWC) in a domestic-scale boiler (40 kW). The PM emitted during combustion of the MS, SWC and BWC were characterized by ICP-MS/OES, XRD, SEM, TEM, and DLS. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human alveolar epithelial A549 and human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were assessed by the WST-1 assay and the DNA-Alkaline Unwinding Assay (DAUA). PM uptake/translocation in cells was investigated with a new method developed using a confocal reflection microscope. SWC and BWC had a inherently higher residual water content than MS. The PM emitted during combustion of SWC and BWC exhibited higher levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a greater variety of mineral species and a higher heavy metal content than PM from MS combustion. Exposure to PM from combustion of SWC and BWC induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in human alveolar and bronchial cells, whereby the strongest effect was observed for BWC and was comparable to that caused by diesel PM (SRM 2 975), In contrast, PM from MS combustion did not induce cellular responses in the studied lung cells. A high PAH content in PM emissions seems to be a reliable chemical marker of both combustion efficiency and particle toxicity. Residual biomass water content strongly affects particulate emissions and their toxic potential. Therefore, to minimize the harmful effects of fine PM on health, improvement of combustion efficiency (aiming to reduce the presence of incomplete combustion products bound to PM) and application of fly ash capture technology, as well as use of novel biomass fuels like Miscanthus straw is recommended.
吸入来自住宅生物质燃烧的颗粒物（PM）在流行病学上与心血管疾病和肺部疾病相关。本研究调查了在家庭规模锅炉（40千瓦）中燃烧商业芒草秸秆（MS）、软木片（SWC）和山毛榉木片（BWC）时的PM排放情况。通过电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱仪（ICP-MS/OES）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和动态光散射仪（DLS）对MS、SWC和BWC燃烧过程中排放的PM进行了表征。通过WST-1检测法和DNA碱性解旋检测法（DAUA）评估了人肺泡上皮A549细胞和人支气管上皮BEAS-2B细胞中的细胞毒性和遗传毒性。使用共聚焦反射显微镜开发的一种新方法研究了细胞中的PM摄取/转运情况。SWC和BWC的固有残余含水量高于MS。与MS燃烧产生的PM相比，SWC和BWC燃烧过程中排放的PM表现出更高水平的多环芳烃（PAHs）、更多种类的矿物质和更高的重金属含量。暴露于SWC和BWC燃烧产生的PM会在人肺泡和支气管细胞中诱导细胞毒性和遗传毒性作用，其中对BWC观察到的影响最强，且与柴油PM（标准参考物质2975）引起的影响相当。相比之下，MS燃烧产生的PM在研究的肺细胞中未诱导细胞反应。PM排放中高含量的PAH似乎是燃烧效率和颗粒毒性的可靠化学标志物。生物质残余含水量强烈影响颗粒物排放及其潜在毒性。因此，为了将细颗粒物对健康的有害影响降至最低，建议提高燃烧效率（旨在减少与PM结合的不完全燃烧产物的存在）并应用飞灰捕集技术，以及使用像芒草秸秆这样的新型生物质燃料。
