Depraetere Joke, Vandeviver Christophe, Beken Tom Vander, Keygnaert Ines
Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Department of Uro-Gynecology, International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020 Dec;21(5):991-1010. doi: 10.1177/1524838018816979. Epub 2018 Dec 16.
Sexual victimization is typically presented as a gender-based problem involving a female victim and a male offender. Science, policy, and society focus on female victims at the expense of male victims. Male sexual victimization is thus understudied compared with female sexual victimization. By performing a critical interpretive synthesis of research papers, policy documents, and gray literature ( = 67) published in four electronic databases from January 2000 through September 2017, this article establishes the prevalence of male sexual victims and the causes that underlie the underrepresentation of this group in existing research and current policy. The prevalence rates of male sexual victims vary considerably, with up to 65% of men reporting sexual victimization. The underrepresentation of male victims was found to be rooted in prevailing gender roles and accepted sexual scripts in society, together with rape myths and stereotypical rape scripts. The former prescribes men as the dominant and sexually active gender. The latter denies male sexual victimization and frames women as "ideal victims." Combined, these prevailing societal perceptions of men, male sexuality, and sexual victimization prevent men from self-identifying as victims and inhibit them from seeking help to cope with the adverse consequences of sexual victimization. Addressing the gender differences in sexual victimization requires societal and political changes that challenge prevailing stereotypical perceptions of sexual victims. Such changes could result in improved support services for male sexual victims.
性侵害通常被视为一个基于性别的问题，涉及女性受害者和男性犯罪者。科学、政策和社会都将重点放在女性受害者身上，而忽视了男性受害者。因此，与女性性侵害相比，男性性侵害的研究较少。通过对2000年1月至2017年9月期间在四个电子数据库中发表的研究论文、政策文件和灰色文献（=67）进行批判性解释性综合分析，本文确定了男性性受害者的患病率，以及该群体在现有研究和当前政策中代表性不足的原因。男性性受害者的患病率差异很大，高达65%的男性报告遭受过性侵害。研究发现，男性受害者代表性不足的根源在于社会中普遍存在的性别角色和被接受的性脚本，以及强奸谬见和刻板的强奸脚本。前者将男性规定为占主导地位且性活跃的性别。后者否认男性性侵害，并将女性塑造成“理想受害者”。综合起来，这些社会对男性、男性性行为和性侵害的普遍看法阻碍了男性将自己视为受害者，也抑制了他们寻求帮助以应对性侵害带来的不良后果。解决性侵害中的性别差异需要社会和政治变革，以挑战对性受害者的普遍刻板看法。这样的变革可能会改善对男性性受害者的支持服务。
