Penner J L
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 1988 Apr;1(2):157-72. doi: 10.1128/CMR.1.2.157.
In 1977, microbiologists and clinicians were awakened to the importance of the genus Campylobacter when it was learned that one species, Campylobacter jejuni, was a major cause of human enteritis. In the following decade substantial advances were made in diagnosis, isolation technology, identification, classification, serotyping, and epidemiology. The genus has undergone rapid expansion as advantage was taken of the deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization technique in defining new species. The 14 species now included in the genus, however, constitute a widely diverse group, and one species, C. pylori, which is associated with human gastroduodenitis, is under consideration for reassignment to another genus. The nomenclature of the subspecies of C. fetus has been resolved and the role of C. fetus subsp. fetus as an agent of human infections has been more clearly defined. The thermophilic campylobacteria that are etiological agents of human enteritis now include three species, C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. laridis. Recently defined species that have also been implicated as enteritis-causing agents include C. hyointestinalis, "C. upsaliensis," "C. cinaedi," and "C. fennelliae." The aerotolerant campylobacteria are now included in the species C. cryaerophila, and the campylobacteria isolated from salt marshes are included in C. nitrofigilis. The taxonomy and nomenclature of C. sputorum have been revised. C. sputorum now consists of three biovars (biotypes). Two of these, biovar sputorum and biovar bubulus, were previously considered to be separate subspecies and the third, biovar fecalis, was previously regarded as a separate species and known as "C. fecalis." The former subspecies C. sputorum subsp. mucosalis has been elevated to the rank of species. C. mucosalis is metabolically closely related to C. consisus. Human pathogens have not been identified among C. sputorum, C. mucosalis, or C. concisus. The goal of this article is to review developments during the last 10 years with emphasis on changes in taxonomy that are important from the perspective of the clinical microbiologist.
1977年，当得知空肠弯曲菌这一菌种是人类肠炎的主要病因时，微生物学家和临床医生开始意识到弯曲菌属的重要性。在接下来的十年里，诊断、分离技术、鉴定、分类、血清分型和流行病学方面都取得了重大进展。随着利用脱氧核糖核酸-脱氧核糖核酸杂交技术来界定新物种，该属迅速扩大。然而，该属目前包含的14个物种构成了一个非常多样化的群体，其中与人类胃十二指肠炎症相关的幽门螺杆菌正考虑重新归类到另一个属。胎儿弯曲菌亚种的命名问题已经解决，胎儿弯曲菌胎儿亚种作为人类感染病原体的作用也得到了更明确的界定。作为人类肠炎病原体的嗜热弯曲菌现在包括空肠弯曲菌、结肠弯曲菌和拉氏弯曲菌三个物种。最近确定的也被认为是肠炎致病原的物种包括猪肠弯曲菌、“乌普萨拉弯曲菌”、“辛纳迪弯曲菌”和“芬内利弯曲菌”。耐氧弯曲菌现在归入嗜冷弯曲菌物种，从盐沼分离出的弯曲菌归入嗜硝弯曲菌。唾液弯曲菌的分类学和命名已经修订。唾液弯曲菌现在由三个生物变种（生物型）组成。其中两个，生物变种唾液弯曲菌和生物变种水泡弯曲菌，以前被认为是单独的亚种，第三个，生物变种粪便弯曲菌，以前被视为一个单独的物种，称为“粪便弯曲菌”。以前的唾液弯曲菌黏膜亚种已提升到物种等级。黏膜弯曲菌在代谢上与一致弯曲菌密切相关。在唾液弯曲菌、黏膜弯曲菌或一致弯曲菌中尚未鉴定出人类病原体。本文的目的是回顾过去10年的进展，重点是从临床微生物学家的角度来看重要的分类学变化。
