van den Noort Maurits, Struys Esli, Bosch Peggy, Jaswetz Lars, Perriard Benoît, Yeo Sujung, Barisch Pia, Vermeire Katrien, Lee Sook-Hyun, Lim Sabina
Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
Brussels Institute for Applied Linguistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Behav Sci (Basel). 2019 Mar 13;9(3):27. doi: 10.3390/bs9030027.
Recently, doubts were raised about the existence of the bilingual advantage in cognitive control. The aim of the present review was to investigate the bilingual advantage and its modulating factors. We searched the Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and ERIC databases for all original data and reviewed studies on bilingualism and cognitive control, with a cut-off date of 31 October 2018, thereby following the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocol. The results of the 46 original studies show that indeed, the majority, 54.3%, reported beneficial effects of bilingualism on cognitive control tasks; however, 28.3% found mixed results and 17.4% found evidence against its existence. Methodological differences seem to explain these mixed results: Particularly, the varying selection of the bilingual participants, the use of nonstandardized tests, and the fact that individual differences were often neglected and that longitudinal designs were rare. Therefore, a serious risk for bias exists in both directions (i.e., in favor of and against the bilingual advantage). To conclude, we found some evidence for a bilingual advantage in cognitive control; however, if significant progress is to be made, better study designs, bigger data, and more longitudinal studies are needed.
最近，人们对认知控制中的双语优势的存在提出了质疑。本综述的目的是研究双语优势及其调节因素。我们在Medline、ScienceDirect、Scopus和ERIC数据库中检索了截至2018年10月31日的所有关于双语和认知控制的原始数据及综述性研究，从而遵循系统评价和Meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA）协议的指南。46项原始研究的结果表明，确实，大多数（54.3%）报告了双语对认知控制任务有有益影响；然而，28.3%的研究结果不一，17.4%的研究发现了反对其存在的证据。方法学上的差异似乎可以解释这些不一致的结果：特别是，双语参与者的选择各不相同、使用的是非标准化测试，而且个体差异常常被忽视，纵向设计也很少见。因此，在两个方向上（即支持和反对双语优势）都存在严重的偏倚风险。总之，我们发现了一些认知控制中存在双语优势的证据；然而，要取得重大进展，需要更好的研究设计、更大的数据样本以及更多的纵向研究。
