Department of Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
Department of Animal Physiology, University Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
Learn Mem. 2019 Mar 21;26(4):109-120. doi: 10.1101/lm.049106.118. Print 2019 Apr.
Animals of many species are capable of "small data" learning, that is, of learning without repetition. Here we introduce larval as a relatively simple study case for such one-trial learning. Using odor-food associative conditioning, we first show that a sugar that is both sweet and nutritious (fructose) and sugars that are only sweet (arabinose) or only nutritious (sorbitol) all support appetitive one-trial learning. The same is the case for the optogenetic activation of a subset of dopaminergic neurons innervating the mushroom body, the memory center of the insects. In contrast, no one-trial learning is observed for an amino acid reward (aspartic acid). As regards the aversive domain, one-trial learning is demonstrated for high-concentration sodium chloride, but is not observed for a bitter tastant (quinine). Second, we provide follow-up, parametric analyses of odor-fructose learning. Specifically, we ascertain its dependency on the number and duration of training trials, the requirements for the behavioral expression of one-trial odor-fructose memory, its temporal stability, and the feasibility of one-trial differential conditioning. Our results set the stage for a neurogenetic analysis of one-trial learning and define the requirements for modeling mnemonic processes in the larva.
许多物种的动物都具有“小数据”学习能力，也就是说，无需重复即可学习。在这里，我们引入幼虫作为此类单次学习的相对简单的研究案例。我们首先使用气味-食物联想条件作用，证明了既甜又有营养的糖（果糖）以及仅甜（阿拉伯糖）或仅营养（山梨糖醇）的糖都支持有吸引力的单次学习。光遗传学激活支配昆虫记忆中心蘑菇体的一组多巴胺能神经元也是如此。相比之下，对于氨基酸奖励（天冬氨酸），则不会观察到单次学习。至于厌恶领域，高浓度氯化钠会表现出单次学习，但苦味味觉（奎宁）则不会。其次，我们对气味-果糖学习进行了后续的参数分析。具体来说，我们确定了它对训练试验次数和持续时间的依赖性、单次气味-果糖记忆行为表达的要求、其时间稳定性以及单次差异条件作用的可行性。我们的结果为单次学习的神经遗传学分析奠定了基础，并定义了在幼虫中模拟记忆过程的要求。
