Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
Viruses. 2019 Mar 21;11(3):286. doi: 10.3390/v11030286.
Besides noroviruses, the family comprises four other accepted genera: , and . There are six new genera proposed: , and All have closely related genome structures, but are genetically and antigenically highly diverse and infect a wide range of mammalian host species including humans. Recombination in nature is not infrequent for most of the , contributing to their diversity. Sapovirus infections cause diarrhoea in pigs, humans and other mammalian hosts. Lagovirus infections cause systemic haemorrhagic disease in rabbits and hares, and vesivirus infections lead to lung disease in cats, vesicular disease in swine, and exanthema and diseases of the reproductive system in large sea mammals. Neboviruses are an enteric pathogen of cattle, differing from bovine norovirus. At present, only a few selected caliciviruses can be propagated in cell culture (permanent cell lines or enteroids), and for most of the cultivatable caliciviruses helper virus-free, plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems have been established. The replication cycles of the caliciviruses are similar as far as they have been explored: viruses interact with a multitude of cell surface attachment factors (glycans) and co-receptors (proteins) for adsorption and penetration, use cellular membranes for the formation of replication complexes and have developed mechanisms to circumvent innate immune responses. Vaccines have been developed against lagoviruses and vesiviruses, and are under development against human noroviruses.
除了诺如病毒外，该科还包括另外四个公认的属：星状病毒属、杯状病毒属、肠道病毒属和冠状病毒属。还有六个新提出的属：轮状病毒属、动脉炎病毒属、细环病毒属、斐济病毒属、诺如样病毒属和扎幌病毒属。所有这些病毒都具有密切相关的基因组结构，但在遗传和抗原上高度多样化，感染范围广泛，包括人类在内的多种哺乳动物宿主。大多数肠道病毒在自然界中经常发生重组，这导致了它们的多样性。沙波病毒感染可引起猪、人类和其他哺乳动物宿主腹泻。嵌杯样病毒感染可导致兔和野兔全身出血性疾病，杯状病毒感染可导致猫肺部疾病、猪水疱病以及大型海洋哺乳动物的出疹和生殖系统疾病。尼巴病毒是牛的肠道病原体，与牛诺如病毒不同。目前，只有少数几种选定的杯状病毒可以在细胞培养中（永生化细胞系或肠类器官）进行繁殖，对于大多数可培养的杯状病毒，已经建立了无辅助病毒、仅基于质粒的反向遗传系统。就目前所知，杯状病毒的复制周期相似：病毒通过与多种细胞表面附着因子（聚糖）和共受体（蛋白）相互作用进行吸附和穿透，利用细胞膜形成复制复合物，并开发了规避先天免疫反应的机制。已经开发出针对嵌杯样病毒和杯状病毒的疫苗，并正在开发针对人类诺如病毒的疫苗。
