Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019 Sep;15(9):507-524. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0230-6. Epub 2019 Jul 11.
In addition to their role in glucose and lipid metabolism, adipocytes respond differentially to physiological cues or metabolic stress by releasing endocrine factors that regulate diverse processes, such as energy expenditure, appetite control, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and tissue repair. Both energy-storing white adipocytes and thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes secrete hormones, which can be peptides (adipokines), lipids (lipokines) and exosomal microRNAs. Some of these factors have defined targets; for example, adiponectin and leptin signal through their respective receptors that are expressed in multiple organs. For other adipocyte hormones, receptors are more promiscuous or remain to be identified. Furthermore, many of these hormones are also produced by other organs and tissues, which makes defining the endocrine contribution of adipose tissues a challenge. In this Review, we discuss the functional role of adipose tissue-derived endocrine hormones for metabolic adaptations to the environment and we highlight how these factors contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. We also cover how this knowledge can be translated into human therapies. In addition, we discuss recent findings that emphasize the endocrine role of white versus thermogenic adipocytes in conditions of health and disease.
除了在葡萄糖和脂质代谢中的作用外，脂肪细胞还通过释放内分泌因子对生理信号或代谢应激做出不同的反应，这些因子调节着多种过程，如能量消耗、食欲控制、葡萄糖稳态、胰岛素敏感性、炎症和组织修复。储存能量的白色脂肪细胞和产热的棕色和米色脂肪细胞都分泌激素，这些激素可以是肽（脂肪因子）、脂质（脂因子）和外泌体 microRNAs。其中一些因子有明确的靶标；例如，脂联素和瘦素通过在多个器官中表达的各自受体信号传递。对于其他脂肪细胞激素，受体更具混杂性或有待确定。此外，许多这些激素也由其他器官和组织产生，这使得确定脂肪组织的内分泌贡献具有挑战性。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了脂肪组织来源的内分泌激素在代谢适应环境方面的功能作用，并强调了这些因子如何促进心血管代谢疾病的发展。我们还介绍了如何将这些知识转化为人类治疗方法。此外，我们还讨论了最近的发现，强调了白色脂肪细胞与产热脂肪细胞在健康和疾病状态下的内分泌作用。
