Biomedicine: Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University，Frederik Bajers Vej 3B, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Aug 23;20(17):4121. doi: 10.3390/ijms20174121.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurological disorder classically characterized by impairments in motor system function associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. After almost 200 years since the first description of PD by James Parkinson, unraveling the complexity of PD continues to evolve. It is now recognized that an interplay between genetic and environmental factors influences a diverse range of cellular processes, reflecting on other clinical features including non-motor symptoms. This has consequently highlighted the extensive value of early clinical diagnosis to reduce difficulties of later stage management of PD. Advancement in understanding of PD has made remarkable progress in introducing new tools and strategies such as stem cell therapy and deep brain stimulation. A link between alterations in gut microbiota and PD has also opened a new line. Evidence exists of a bidirectional pathway between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are being examined that might influence gut-brain axis by altering gut microbiota composition, enteric nervous system, and CNS. This review provides status on use of probiotics for PD. Limitations and future directions will also be addressed to promote further research considering use of probiotics for PD.
帕金森病（PD）是一种复杂的神经退行性疾病，其特征为运动系统功能受损，与黑质多巴胺能神经元丧失有关。自 James Parkinson 首次描述 PD 以来，已经过去了近 200 年，对 PD 复杂性的研究仍在不断发展。现在人们认识到，遗传和环境因素的相互作用影响着多种细胞过程，反映在其他临床特征上，包括非运动症状。这就凸显了早期临床诊断的重要价值，可以减轻 PD 后期管理的困难。对 PD 的认识的进步在引入新工具和策略方面取得了显著进展，例如干细胞治疗和深部脑刺激。肠道微生物群与 PD 之间的联系也开辟了一条新的途径。胃肠道和中枢神经系统之间存在双向途径。目前正在研究益生菌、益生元和合生菌，它们可能通过改变肠道微生物群组成、肠神经系统和中枢神经系统来影响肠道-大脑轴。本文综述了益生菌在 PD 中的应用现状。还将讨论其局限性和未来方向，以促进进一步研究考虑将益生菌用于 PD。
