Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development (IOER), Weberplatz 1, 01217, Dresden, Germany.
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), EberswalderStraße 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
Ambio. 2020 Apr;49(4):962-985. doi: 10.1007/s13280-019-01236-4. Epub 2019 Sep 3.
In spite of positive expectations for environmental protection, payments for ecosystem services (PES) can bring about unintended disturbances to rural livelihoods. Based on resilience thinking, this article investigates livelihood resilience building at farm level through the interaction between farm adaptation and disturbances induced by China's Grain for Green project (GGP). Cluster analysis was conducted to investigate the complexity and diversity of farm adaptation; the crafting of composite indexes was designed to value resilience through disturbance, sensitivity, and adaptability; regression analyses linked the resilience indexes and farm adaptation with access to resources. The results show three adaptation typologies (i.e. reclamation of retired lands, contractive farming, and expansive farming) with distinct land use structures and resilience scores, and highlight the need to improving farmers' access and endowment of tangible (e.g. farming facilities) and intangible resources (e.g. skill training) for resilience-building practices in light of the GGP. The findings imply that policy interventions combining environmental restrictions with widening resource access to support alternative livelihoods can offset the unintended effects and amplify the success of PES programmes.
尽管人们对环境保护抱有积极的期望，但生态系统服务付费可能会给农村生计带来意想不到的干扰。本文基于弹性思维，通过考察中国退耕还林工程（GGP）引起的农场适应与干扰之间的相互作用，研究了农场层面的生计弹性建设。通过聚类分析，研究了农场适应的复杂性和多样性；设计了综合指标来衡量通过干扰、敏感性和适应性的弹性；回归分析将弹性指标与农场适应与资源获取联系起来。结果表明，有三种适应类型（即开垦休耕地、集约耕作和扩张耕作），具有不同的土地利用结构和弹性得分，并强调需要提高农民对有形资源（如农业设施）和无形资源（如技能培训）的获取和赋予，以建立弹性，以应对 GGP 的影响。研究结果表明，将环境限制与扩大资源获取相结合的政策干预措施，以支持替代生计，可以抵消生态系统服务付费计划的意外影响，放大其成功。
