Almeria Sonia, Cinar Hediye N, Dubey Jitender P
Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
Microorganisms. 2019 Sep 4;7(9):317. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7090317.
is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal-oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of ; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite.
是一种人类球虫寄生虫，具有直接的粪-口传播循环。它在全球范围内分布，是许多发达国家食源性肠道疾病暴发的重要原因，主要与食用受污染的新鲜农产品有关。由于卵囊排出时未孢子化，需要在环境中孢子化，因此不太可能发生直接的人传人传播。尽管在不同地理区域有所不同，但全球范围内的感染具有明显的季节性。在流行国家，最易感人群是儿童、外国人以及免疫功能低下的患者，而在工业化国家，可感染任何年龄的人。发达国家的感染风险与前往流行地区旅行以及国内食用受污染的食物有关，主要是从流行地区进口的新鲜农产品。被粪便污染的水和土壤可能成为感染的传播媒介。在大多数免疫功能正常的患者中，该疾病具有自限性，但在某些情况下可能表现为严重、迁延或慢性腹泻，并且在免疫功能低下的患者中可能侵犯肠道外器官。甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑是治疗环孢子虫病的首选抗生素，但可能会复发。需要进一步研究以了解这种寄生虫病许多未知的流行病学方面。在此，我们总结了的生物学、流行病学、暴发情况、临床症状、诊断、治疗、控制和预防；此外，我们概述了对这种寄生虫未来的研究需求。
