Centre for Research in Biosciences, Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
Biosensors (Basel). 2019 Nov 2;9(4):130. doi: 10.3390/bios9040130.
The benzodiazepine class of drugs are characterised by a readily electrochemically reducible azomethine group. A number are also substituted by other electrochemically active nitro, N-oxide, and carbonyl groups, making them readily accessible to electrochemical determination. Techniques such as polarography, voltammetry, and potentiometry have been employed for pharmaceutical and biomedical samples, requiring little sample preparation. This review describes current developments in the design and applications of electrochemical-based approaches for the determination of the benzodiazepine class of drugs form their introduction in the early 1960s to 2019. Throughout this period, state-of-the-art electroanalytical techniques have been reported for their determination. Polarography was first employed focused on mechanistic investigations. Subsequent studies showed the adsorption of many the benzodiazepines at Hg electrodes allowed for the highly sensitive technique of adsorptive stripping voltammetry to be employed. The development and introduction of other working electrode materials such as carbon led to techniques such as voltammetry to become commonly reported, and the modification of these electrodes has now become the most commonly employed approach using molecularly imprinting and nanotechnology.
苯二氮䓬类药物的特点是其容易发生电化学还原的亚甲胺基团。许多此类药物还被其他电化学活性的硝基、N-氧化物和羰基取代，这使得它们很容易通过电化学方法进行测定。极谱法、伏安法和电位法等技术已被用于药物和生物医学样品的分析，这些方法所需的样品制备量很少。本综述描述了自 20 世纪 60 年代苯二氮䓬类药物问世以来，基于电化学方法设计和应用的最新进展。在此期间，报道了许多最先进的电分析技术用于其测定。极谱法首先被用于研究其作用机制。随后的研究表明，许多苯二氮䓬类药物在汞电极上发生吸附，这使得高灵敏度的吸附溶出伏安法得以应用。其他工作电极材料（如碳）的发展和引入使得伏安法等技术得到了广泛的报道，而这些电极的修饰现在已成为使用分子印迹和纳米技术的最常用方法。
