Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Occup Environ Med. 2020 Feb;77(2):77-83. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2019-106173. Epub 2019 Dec 13.
Long commuting times are linked to poor health outcomes, but the evidence is mainly cross-sectional. We examined longitudinal within-individual associations between commuting time and behaviour-related health.
Data were from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health study. We selected workers who responded to a minimum of two surveys conducted every other year between 2008 and 2018. We included all study waves with self-reported commuting time (ie, the exposure, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15 or ≥15 hours/week), body mass index (based on weight and height), physical (in)activity, smoking, alcohol use and sleep problems (ie, the outcomes) (N=20 376, N=46 169). We used conditional logistic regression for fixed effects analyses that controls for time-varying confounders by design. Analyses were stratified by working hours: normal (30-40 hours/week) or longer than normal (>40 hours/week) and adjusted for time dependent covariates: age, marital status, occupational position, presence of children, chronic disease, depressive symptoms, job strain and shift work.
Those working >40 hours/week had higher odds of physical inactivity (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.51) and sleep problems (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.35) when they were commuting >5 hours/week than when they were commuting 1-5 hours/week. Among women working normal hours, longer commuting time associated with lower odds of problem drinking.
Our findings suggest that lengthy commuting time increases the risk of physical inactivity and sleep problems if individuals have longer than normal weekly working hours. Effects of work arrangements that decrease commuting time should be examined in relation to health behaviours.
长时间通勤与健康状况不佳有关，但证据主要是横断面的。我们研究了通勤时间与与行为相关的健康之间的个体内纵向关联。
数据来自瑞典职业健康纵向调查研究。我们选择了至少两次在 2008 年至 2018 年间每隔一年进行调查的工人。我们纳入了所有报告通勤时间（即暴露因素，每周 1-5、6-10、11-15 或≥15 小时）、体重指数（基于体重和身高）、身体活动（活跃或不活跃）、吸烟、饮酒和睡眠问题（即结局）的研究波次（N=20376，N=46169）。我们使用条件逻辑回归进行固定效应分析，通过设计控制时间变化的混杂因素。分析按工作时间分层：正常（30-40 小时/周）或长于正常（>40 小时/周），并根据时间相关协变量进行调整：年龄、婚姻状况、职业地位、子女存在情况、慢性疾病、抑郁症状、工作压力和轮班工作。
每周工作>40 小时的人，如果每周通勤>5 小时，那么他们不活跃（OR 1.25，95%CI 1.03 至 1.51）和睡眠问题（OR 1.16，95%CI 1.00 至 1.35）的可能性高于每周通勤 1-5 小时的人。对于正常工作时间的女性，较长的通勤时间与较少的酗酒问题相关。
我们的研究结果表明，如果个体的每周工作时间长于正常时间，那么较长的通勤时间会增加身体不活跃和睡眠问题的风险。应该检查减少通勤时间的工作安排对健康行为的影响。
