Behavioral Evolution of : Unraveling the Circuit Basis.

Behavior is a readout of neural function. Therefore, any difference in behavior among different species is, in theory, an outcome of interspecies diversification in the structure and/or function of the nervous system. However, the neural diversity underlying the species-specificity in behavioral traits and its genetic basis have been poorly understood. In this article, we discuss potential neural substrates for species differences in the courtship pulse song frequency and mating partner choice in the subgroup. We also discuss possible neurogenetic mechanisms whereby a novel behavioral repertoire emerges based on the study of nuptial gift transfer, a trait unique to in the genus . We found that the conserved central circuit composed primarily of -expressing neurons (the -circuit) serves for the execution of courtship behavior, whereas the sensory pathways impinging onto the -circuit or the motor pathways downstream of the -circuit are susceptible to changes associated with behavioral species differences.