Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
Endocrinology Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
Lipids Health Dis. 2020 Feb 7;19(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12944-019-1167-4.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with hyperglycemia, abnormal lipid profiles, chronic low-grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Dietary intervention plays a crucial role in the control of diabetes. Flaxseed oil (FO), a plant-derived omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) which has been proved to benefit for chronic metabolic disease. However, the exact effects of dietary FO on T2DM remains largely unclear.
In the present study, SD rats were randomly allocated into four groups: pair-fed (PF) with corn oil (CO) group (PF/CO); DM with CO group (DM/CO); PF with FO group (PF/FO); DM with FO group (DM/FO). A diabetic rat model was generated by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA). After 5 weeks of intervention, rats were euthanized and associated indications were investigated.
Dietary FO significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (GHb), blood lipid, plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-17A and malondialdehyde (MDA), compared to control group, respectively. Moreover, body mass (BM) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in DM/FO group were dramatically increased respectively, compared with those in DM/CO group. But insulin (INS) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) remained no significant difference between DM/CO group and DM/FO group. Sequencing analysis of gut microbiota showed a reduction in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Blautia, as well as a reduction in the ratio of Bacteroidetes-Firmicutes in DM/FO group compared to DM/CO group. An elevation in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Alistipes were detected in DM/FO group. Acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid belonging to short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as gut microbiota metabolites, were dramatically increased after FO intervention. Correlation analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Blautia were positively correlated with IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A or LPS, respectively. Additionally, Bacteroidetes and Alistipes were negatively correlated with LPS.
Taken together, dietary FO ameliorated T2DM via suppressing inflammation and modulating gut microbiota, which may potentially contribute to dietary control of diabetes.
2 型糖尿病（T2DM）与高血糖、异常脂质谱、慢性低度炎症和肠道菌群失调密切相关。饮食干预在糖尿病的控制中起着至关重要的作用。亚麻籽油（FO）是一种植物源性的 ω-3（ω-3）多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs），富含 α-亚麻酸（ALA），已被证明对慢性代谢性疾病有益。然而，饮食 FO 对 T2DM 的确切影响仍不清楚。
本研究中，SD 大鼠随机分为四组：玉米油（CO）喂养的配对喂养（PF）组（PF/CO）；CO 喂养的糖尿病组（DM/CO）；FO 喂养的 PF 组（PF/FO）；FO 喂养的 DM 组（DM/FO）。通过单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素-烟酰胺（STZ-NA）建立糖尿病大鼠模型。干预 5 周后，处死大鼠并检测相关指标。
与对照组相比，饮食 FO 显著降低了空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（GHb）、血脂、血浆脂多糖（LPS）、白细胞介素（IL）-1β、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、IL-6、IL-17A 和丙二醛（MDA）。此外，与 DM/CO 组相比，DM/FO 组的体重（BM）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）显著增加。但 DM/CO 组和 DM/FO 组的胰岛素（INS）和胰岛素抵抗评估的稳态模型（HOMA-IR）无显著差异。肠道微生物组测序分析显示，与 DM/CO 组相比，DM/FO 组厚壁菌门和布劳特氏菌的相对丰度降低，拟杆菌门-厚壁菌门的比例降低。DM/FO 组拟杆菌门和阿里斯泰普氏菌的相对丰度升高。短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）作为肠道微生物组代谢物，如乙酸、丙酸和丁酸，在 FO 干预后显著增加。相关性分析显示，厚壁菌门和布劳特氏菌的相对丰度与 IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-17A 或 LPS 呈正相关。此外，拟杆菌门和阿里斯泰普氏菌与 LPS 呈负相关。
总之，饮食 FO 通过抑制炎症和调节肠道微生物群改善了 T2DM，这可能有助于糖尿病的饮食控制。
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