Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
Biochemistry (Mosc). 2020 Jan;85(1):11-26. doi: 10.1134/S0006297920010022.
Regenerative medicine that had emerged as a scientific and medical discipline at end of 20th century uses cultured cells and tissue-engineered structures for transplantation into human body to restore lost or damaged organs. However, practical achievements in this field are far from the promising results obtained in laboratory experiments. Searching for new directions has made apparent that successful solution of practical problems is impossible without understanding the fundamental principles of the regulation of development, renewal, and regeneration of human tissues. These aspects have been extensively investigated by cell biologists, physiologists, and biochemists working in a specific research area often referred to as regenerative biology. It is known that during regeneration, growth factors, cytokines, and hormones act beyond the regulation of individual cell functions, but rather activate specific receptor systems and control pivotal tissue repair processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation. These events require numerous coordinated stimuli and, therefore, are practically irreproducible using single proteins or low-molecular-weight compounds, i.e., cannot be directed by applying classical pharmacological approaches. Our review summarizes current concepts on the regulatory mechanisms of renewal and regeneration of human tissues with special attention to certain general biological and evolutionary aspects. We focus on the biochemical regulatory mechanisms of regeneration, in particular, the role of growth factors and cytokines and their receptor systems. In a separate section, we discussed practical approaches for activating regeneration using small molecules and stem cell secretome containing a broad repertoire of growth factors, cytokines, peptides, and extracellular vesicles.
再生医学作为 20 世纪末出现的一门科学和医学学科，利用培养细胞和组织工程结构移植到人体中，以恢复失去或受损的器官。然而，该领域的实际成果远不及实验室实验中获得的有希望的结果。寻找新的方向表明，如果不了解人类组织发育、更新和再生的基本原理，就不可能成功解决实际问题。这些方面已经被细胞生物学家、生理学家和生物化学家广泛研究，他们在一个通常被称为再生生物学的特定研究领域工作。众所周知，在再生过程中，生长因子、细胞因子和激素的作用超出了对单个细胞功能的调节，而是激活特定的受体系统，控制关键的组织修复过程，包括细胞增殖和分化。这些事件需要许多协调的刺激，因此，使用单个蛋白质或低分子量化合物几乎无法重现，也就是说，不能通过应用经典的药理学方法来指导。我们的综述总结了人类组织更新和再生的调控机制的最新概念，特别关注某些一般的生物学和进化方面。我们专注于再生的生化调控机制，特别是生长因子和细胞因子及其受体系统的作用。在另一个部分，我们讨论了使用小分子和包含广泛生长因子、细胞因子、肽和细胞外囊泡的干细胞分泌组激活再生的实用方法。
