The Generation of Dynein Networks by Multi-Layered Regulation and Their Implication in Cell Division.

Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (hereafter referred to as dynein) is a major microtubule-based motor critical for cell division. Dynein is essential for the formation and positioning of the mitotic spindle as well as the transport of various cargos in the cell. A striking feature of dynein is that, despite having a wide variety of functions, the catalytic subunit is coded in a single gene. To perform various cellular activities, there seem to be different types of dynein that share a common catalytic subunit. In this review, we will refer to the different kinds of dynein as "dyneins." This review attempts to classify the mechanisms underlying the emergence of multiple dyneins into four layers. Inside a cell, multiple dyneins generated through the multi-layered regulations interact with each other to form a network of dyneins. These dynein networks may be responsible for the accurate regulation of cellular activities, including cell division. How these networks function inside a cell, with a focus on the early embryogenesis of embryos, is discussed, as well as future directions for the integration of our understanding of molecular layering to understand the totality of dynein's function in living cells.