23andMe Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America.
Grünenthal Innovation, Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany.
PLoS One. 2020 Apr 16;15(4):e0231697. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231697. eCollection 2020.
To determine the feasibility of complex home-based phenotyping, 1,876 research participants from the customer base of 23andMe completed an online version of a Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) as well as a cold pressor test (CPT) which is used in clinical assessments of pain. Overall our online version of the PSQ performed similarly to the original pen-and-paper version. Construct validity of the PSQ total was demonstrated by internal consistency and consistent discrimination between more and less painful items. Criterion validity was demonstrated by correlation with pain sensitivity as measured by the CPT. Within the same cohort we performed a cold pressor test using a layperson description and household equipment. Comparison with published reports from controlled studies revealed similar distributions of cold pain tolerance times (i.e., time elapsed before removing the hand from the water). Of those who elected to participate in the CPT, a large majority of participants did not report issues with the test procedure or noncompliance with the instructions (97%). We confirmed a large sex difference in CPT thresholds in line with published data, such that women removed their hands from the water at a median of 54.2 seconds, with men lasting for a median time of 82.7 seconds (Kruskal-Wallis statistic, p < 0.0001), but other factors like age or current pain treatment were at most weakly associated, and inconsistently between men and women. We introduce a new paradigm for performing pain testing, called testing@home, that, in the case of cold nociception, showed comparable results to studies conducted under controlled conditions and supervision of a health care professional.
为了确定复杂家庭表型的可行性，来自 23andMe 客户群的 1876 名研究参与者完成了在线版疼痛敏感问卷（PSQ）和冷加压测试（CPT），CPT 用于临床疼痛评估。总体而言，我们的在线 PSQ 版本与原始纸笔版本表现相似。PSQ 总分的结构效度通过内部一致性和更痛和不太痛项目之间的一致区分得到证明。通过与 CPT 测量的疼痛敏感性的相关性证明了标准效度。在同一队列中，我们使用非专业人士的描述和家用设备进行了冷加压测试。与来自对照研究的已发表报告进行比较显示，冷痛耐受力时间的分布相似（即，手从水中取出之前经过的时间）。在那些选择参加 CPT 的人中，绝大多数参与者报告测试程序没有问题，也没有不遵守说明（97%）。我们确认了 CPT 阈值与已发表数据一致的大性别差异，即女性将手从水中取出的中位数为 54.2 秒，男性中位数为 82.7 秒（Kruskal-Wallis 统计量，p < 0.0001），但其他因素，如年龄或当前疼痛治疗，最多只是弱相关，而且在男性和女性之间不一致。我们引入了一种新的疼痛测试范式，称为家庭测试，在冷伤害感受的情况下，与在受控条件下并在医疗保健专业人员监督下进行的研究结果相当。
