Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2020 Apr 28;15:2957-2969. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S250993. eCollection 2020.
Experimental and epidemiological evidence shows that parasites, particularly helminths, play a central role in balancing the host immunity. It was demonstrated that parasites can modulate immune responses via their excretory/secretory (ES) and some specific proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scale particles that are released from eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs in parasitological studies have been mostly employed for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases, vaccination, and diagnosis. EVs can carry virulence factors and play a central role in the development of parasites in host cells. These molecules can manipulate the immune responses through transcriptional changes. Moreover, EVs derived from helminths modulate the immune system via provoking anti-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs from parasite protozoa can induce efficient immunity, that makes them useful for probable next-generation vaccines. In addition, it seems that EVs from parasites may provide new diagnostic approaches for parasitic infections. In the current study, we reviewed isolation methods, functions, and applications of parasite's EVs in immunotherapy, vaccination, and diagnosis.
实验和流行病学证据表明，寄生虫，特别是蠕虫，在平衡宿主免疫方面起着核心作用。已经证明寄生虫可以通过其排泄/分泌（ES）和一些特定的蛋白质来调节免疫反应。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是真核细胞和原核细胞释放的纳米级颗粒。在寄生虫学研究中，EVs 主要用于自身免疫性疾病的免疫治疗、疫苗接种和诊断。EVs 可以携带毒力因子，并在寄生虫在宿主细胞中的发育中起核心作用。这些分子可以通过转录变化来操纵免疫反应。此外，蠕虫来源的 EVs 通过引发抗炎细胞因子来调节免疫系统。另一方面，寄生虫原生动物的 EVs 可以诱导有效的免疫，这使得它们成为下一代疫苗的有用候选物。此外，寄生虫的 EVs 似乎可以为寄生虫感染提供新的诊断方法。在本研究中，我们综述了寄生虫 EVs 在免疫治疗、疫苗接种和诊断中的分离方法、功能和应用。
