Castenmiller Jacqueline, de Henauw Stefaan, Hirsch-Ernst Karen-Ildico, Kearney John, Knutsen Helle Katrine, Maciuk Alexandre, Mangelsdorf Inge, McArdle Harry J, Naska Androniki, Pelaez Carmen, Pentieva Kristina, Siani Alfonso, Thies Frank, Tsabouri Sophia, Vinceti Marco, Bresson Jean-Louis, Fewtrell Mary, Kersting Mathilde, Przyrembel Hildegard, Dumas Céline, Titz Ariane, Turck Dominique
EFSA J. 2019 Sep 12;17(9):e05780. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5780. eCollection 2019 Sep.
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) revised its 2009 Opinion on the appropriate age for introduction of complementary feeding of infants. This age has been evaluated considering the effects on health outcomes, nutritional aspects and infant development, and depends on the individual's characteristics and development. As long as foods have an age-appropriate texture, are nutritionally appropriate and prepared following good hygiene practices, there is no convincing evidence that at any age investigated in the included studies (< 1 to < 6 months), the introduction of complementary foods (CFs) is associated with adverse health effects or benefits (except for infants at risk of iron depletion). For nutritional reasons, the majority of infants need CFs from around 6 months of age. Infants at risk of iron depletion (exclusively breastfed infants born to mothers with low iron status, or with early umbilical cord clamping (< 1 min after birth), or born preterm, or born small-for-gestational age or with high growth velocity) may benefit from earlier introduction of CFs that are a source of iron. The earliest developmental skills relevant for consuming pureed CFs can be observed between 3 and 4 months of age. Skills for consuming finger foods can be observed in some infants at 4 months, but more commonly at 5-7 months. The fact that an infant may be ready from a neurodevelopmental perspective to progress to a more diversified diet before 6 months of age does not imply that there is a need to introduce CFs. There is no reason to postpone the introduction of potentially allergenic foods (egg, cereals, fish and peanut) to a later age than that of other CFs as far as the risk of developing atopic diseases is concerned. Regarding the risk of coeliac disease, gluten can be introduced with other CFs.
应欧盟委员会的要求，营养、新型食品和食品过敏原专家小组（NDA）修订了其2009年关于婴儿引入辅食适宜年龄的意见。该年龄是在考虑对健康结果、营养方面和婴儿发育的影响后进行评估的，并且取决于个体特征和发育情况。只要食物质地适合相应年龄、营养适宜且按照良好卫生规范制备，就没有令人信服的证据表明在所纳入研究中调查的任何年龄（<1至<6个月）引入辅食（CFs）会带来不良健康影响或益处（铁缺乏风险婴儿除外）。出于营养原因，大多数婴儿在6个月左右需要辅食。有铁缺乏风险的婴儿（母亲铁状态低、出生时早期脐带结扎（出生后<1分钟）、早产、小于胎龄儿或生长速度快的纯母乳喂养婴儿）可能会从更早引入富含铁的辅食中受益。最早在3至4个月大时可观察到与食用泥状辅食相关的发育技能。一些婴儿在4个月时就能观察到食用手指食物的技能，但更常见于5至7个月时。从神经发育角度看，婴儿在6个月前可能已准备好过渡到更多样化饮食，但这并不意味着有必要引入辅食。就患特应性疾病的风险而言，没有理由将潜在致敏食物（鸡蛋、谷物、鱼类和花生）的引入时间推迟到比其他辅食更晚的年龄。关于乳糜泻风险，麸质可与其他辅食一起引入。
