Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O), Kasaragod, Kerala 671320, India.
Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur WB-721172, India.
Molecules. 2020 Aug 7;25(16):3596. doi: 10.3390/molecules25163596.
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) have a long history of treating cardiac diseases. However, recent reports have suggested that CGs also possess anticancer and antiviral activities. The primary mechanism of action of these anticancer agents is by suppressing the Na/k-ATPase by decreasing the intracellular K and increasing the Na and Ca. Additionally, CGs were known to act as inhibitors of IL8 production, DNA topoisomerase I and II, anoikis prevention and suppression of several target genes responsible for the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, CGs were reported to be effective against several DNA and RNA viral species such as influenza, human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, coronavirus, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and Ebola virus. CGs were reported to suppress the HIV-1 gene expression, viral protein translation and alters viral pre-mRNA splicing to inhibit the viral replication. To date, four CGs (Anvirzel, UNBS1450, PBI05204 and digoxin) were in clinical trials for their anticancer activity. This review encapsulates the current knowledge about CGs as anticancer and antiviral drugs in isolation and in combination with some other drugs to enhance their efficiency. Further studies of this class of biomolecules are necessary to determine their possible inhibitory role in cancer and viral diseases.
强心苷（CGs）在治疗心脏疾病方面有着悠久的历史。然而，最近的报告表明，CGs 还具有抗癌和抗病毒活性。这些抗癌剂的主要作用机制是通过降低细胞内 K 并增加 Na 和 Ca 来抑制 Na/k-ATPase。此外，CGs 被认为是白细胞介素 8（IL8）产生、DNA 拓扑异构酶 I 和 II、抗凋亡和抑制几个负责抑制癌细胞增殖的靶基因的抑制剂。此外，CGs 被报道对几种 DNA 和 RNA 病毒如流感、人巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、冠状病毒、蜱传脑炎（TBE）病毒和埃博拉病毒有效。CGs 被报道抑制 HIV-1 基因表达、病毒蛋白翻译，并改变病毒前体 mRNA 剪接以抑制病毒复制。迄今为止，有四种 CGs（Anvirzel、UNBS1450、PBI05204 和地高辛）正在进行临床试验，以评估其抗癌活性。本综述总结了 CGs 作为抗癌和抗病毒药物的现有知识，包括单独使用和与其他一些药物联合使用以提高其疗效。有必要对这类生物分子进行进一步研究，以确定它们在癌症和病毒性疾病中的可能抑制作用。
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