白人至上主义者如何利用遗传学：从遗传血统和人类生物多样性到反科学和元政治。
How White nationalists mobilize genetics: From genetic ancestry and human biodiversity to counterscience and metapolitics.
机构信息
UCLA Institute for Society and Genetics, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany.
出版信息
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2021 Jun;175(2):387-398. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24150. Epub 2020 Sep 28.
OBJECTIVES
Our aim in this study was to understand how genetics ideas are appropriated and mobilized online toward the political projects of White nationalism and the alt right. Studying three different online venues, we investigated how genetics is used to support racial realism, hereditarianism, and racial hierarchy. We analyzed how these ideas are connected to political and metapolitical projects. In addition, we examined the strategies used to build authority for these interpretations.
METHODS
We analyze three online venues in which genetics has been mobilized to advance racial realism and hereditarian explanations of racial differences. These were (a) the use of genetic ancestry tests in online nationalist discussions, (b) blogs and other venues in which the human biodiversity ideas are articulated, (c) activities surrounding the OpenPsych collection of online journals. Ethnographic and interpretive methods were applied to investigate scientific and political meanings of efforts to mobilize genetic ideas.
RESULTS
We found that White nationalists use genetic ancestry tests to align White identity with ideas of racial purity and diversity, educating each other about genetics, and debating the boundaries of Whiteness. "Human biodiversity" has been mobilized as a movement to catalog and create hereditarian ideas about racial differences and to distribute them as "red pills" to transform online discourse. The OpenPsych journals have allowed amateur hereditarian psychologists to publish papers, coordinate activity, and legitimate their project at the academic margins.
CONCLUSIONS
These various appropriations of genetics aim to further racial realism and hereditarian explanations of racial social and behavioral differences. Beyond these substantive aims, on a "metapolitical" level, they serve to reframe concepts and standards for political and scientific discussion of race, challenge structures of academic legitimacy and expertise, and build a cadre of ideological foot soldiers armed with an argumentative toolkit. As professional anthropologists and geneticists aim to accurately communicate their science and its implications for understanding human differences to the public, they must contend with these substantive claims and metapolitical contexts.
目的
本研究旨在理解遗传学思想如何被挪用和动员，以支持白人至上主义和另类右翼的政治项目。通过研究三个不同的在线场所，我们调查了遗传学如何被用于支持种族现实主义、遗传决定论和种族等级制度。我们分析了这些思想如何与政治和元政治项目联系在一起。此外，我们还研究了用于为这些解释建立权威的策略。
方法
我们分析了三个在线场所，其中遗传学被动员来推进种族现实主义和遗传解释种族差异。这些场所包括：（a）在线民族主义讨论中使用基因祖先测试，（b）阐述人类生物多样性思想的博客和其他场所，（c）围绕在线期刊 OpenPsych 集合的活动。我们采用民族志和解释学方法来研究动员遗传思想的科学和政治意义。
结果
我们发现，白人至上主义者使用基因祖先测试将白人身份与种族纯洁和多样性的观念联系起来，相互教育遗传学知识，并就白人身份的边界展开辩论。“人类生物多样性”被动员为一个运动，旨在对种族差异进行分类和创造遗传决定论思想，并将其作为“红色药丸”分发，以改变在线话语。OpenPsych 期刊允许业余遗传决定论心理学家发表论文、协调活动，并在学术边缘为其项目提供合法性。
结论
这些对遗传学的各种挪用旨在进一步推进种族现实主义和遗传决定论对种族社会和行为差异的解释。除了这些实质性目标，在“元政治”层面上，它们旨在重新构建政治和科学讨论种族的概念和标准，挑战学术合法性和专业知识的结构，并培养一批武装有辩论工具包的意识形态战士。随着专业人类学家和遗传学家努力向公众准确传达他们的科学及其对理解人类差异的影响，他们必须应对这些实质性主张和元政治背景。
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