Recent Advances in Injectable Hydrogels for Controlled and Local Drug Delivery.

Injectable hydrogels have received considerable interest in the biomedical field due to their potential applications in minimally invasive local drug delivery, more precise implantation, and site-specific drug delivery into poorly reachable tissue sites and into interface tissues, where wound healing takes a long time. Injectable hydrogels, such as in situ forming and/or shear-thinning hydrogels, can be generated using chemically and/or physically crosslinked hydrogels. Yet, for controlled and local drug delivery applications, the ideal injectable hydrogel should be able to provide controlled and sustained release of drug molecules to the target site when needed and should limit nonspecific drug molecule distribution in healthy tissues. Thus, such hydrogels should sense the environmental changes that arise in disease states and be able to release the optimal amount of drug over the necessary time period to the target region. To address this, researchers have designed stimuli-responsive injectable hydrogels. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels change their shape or volume when they sense environmental stimuli, e.g., pH, temperature, light, electrical signals, or enzymatic changes, and deliver an optimal concentration of drugs to the target site without affecting healthy tissues.