Gao Lin, Akhtar M Usman, Yang Fan, Ahmad Shahzad, He Jiankang, Lian Qin, Cheng Wei, Zhang Jinhua, Li Dichen
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xian Shaanxi 710049, China; State Key Lab for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian Shaanxi 710049, China.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xian Shaanxi 710049, China.
Acta Biomater. 2021 Feb;121:29-40. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.002. Epub 2020 Dec 5.
Living cells are highly scalable biological actuators found in nature, and they are efficient technological solutions to actuate robotic systems. Recent advancements in biofabrication and tissue engineering have bridged the gap to interface muscle cells with artificial technology. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in engineering the attributes of individual components for the development of fully functional biohybrid robots. First, we address the fabrication of biological actuators for biohybrid robots with muscle cells and tissues, including cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscles, insect tissues, and neuromuscular tissues, in well-organized pattern of 2D sheets and 3D constructs. Next, we discuss the performance of biohybrid robots for various biomimetic tasks such as swimming, walking, gripping, and pumping. Finally, the challenges and future directions in the development of biohybrid robots are described from different viewpoints of living material engineering, multiscale modeling, 3D printing for manufacturing, and multifunctional robotic system development.
活细胞是自然界中高度可扩展的生物驱动器，也是驱动机器人系统的有效技术解决方案。生物制造和组织工程的最新进展缩小了肌肉细胞与人工技术对接的差距。在这篇综述中，我们总结了在为开发全功能生物混合机器人而对各个组件的属性进行工程设计方面的最新进展。首先，我们阐述了用于生物混合机器人的生物驱动器的制造，这些驱动器由肌肉细胞和组织构成，包括心肌细胞、骨骼肌、昆虫组织和神经肌肉组织，它们以二维薄片和三维结构的有序模式排列。接下来，我们讨论了生物混合机器人在各种仿生任务中的性能，如游泳、行走、抓握和泵送。最后，从生物材料工程、多尺度建模、制造用3D打印以及多功能机器人系统开发等不同角度描述了生物混合机器人开发中的挑战和未来方向。
