Saward Chris, Hulse Mark, Morris John G, Goto Heita, Sunderland Caroline, Nevill Mary E
Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Oct 21;2:578203. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.578203. eCollection 2020.
The present study examined if elite youth male association football (soccer) players aged 8-19 y ( = 2,875) from the English talent development system, who ultimately achieved professional status differed in stature, body mass, and physical performance (20-m sprint speed, slalom agility speed, vertical counter-movement jump with arm swing jump height, multistage fitness test distance) compared with their non-professional peers. The study also examined the longitudinal pattern of development of stature, body mass, and physical performance, and if this was different between future professionals and non-professionals, while considering the effects of playing position. Multilevel modeling of the 8,898 individual (player-occasion) data points suggested that from age 12.0, the future professionals performed better in a vertical counter-movement jump with arm swing test and slalom agility test than future non-professionals, and improved at a faster rate, so that by age 18.0 the differences in vertical counter-movement jump with arm swing and slalom agility performance were 1.7 cm ( < 0.001, = 0.3) and 0.14 s ( < 0.001, = 0.5), respectively. In addition, future professionals were faster (by 0.02-0.04 s on the 20-m sprint, < 0.001, = 0.2) and ran further in the multistage fitness test (by 47 m, = 0.014, = 0.2) than future non-professionals throughout their development, but there were no differences in stature or body mass during development between the groups. Whereas, multistage fitness test performance improved linearly with age, the development of all other physical characteristics was non-linear. There were inter-individual differences in the development of all characteristics, and there were differences between playing positions in the development of all characteristics. Thus, in summary, future professionals jump higher, are more agile, faster, and more endurance fit than future non-professionals as they age, and the pattern of development is different in professionals and non-professionals for vertical jumping and slalom agility performance.
本研究调查了来自英格兰人才培养体系、最终获得职业球员身份的8至19岁精英青年男子足球运动员（n = 2875）与非职业同龄人相比，在身高、体重和身体性能（20米冲刺速度、障碍跑敏捷速度、带摆臂的垂直纵跳高度、多级体能测试距离）方面是否存在差异。该研究还考察了身高、体重和身体性能的纵向发展模式，以及未来的职业球员和非职业球员之间的这种模式是否不同，同时考虑了比赛位置的影响。对8898个个体（球员-场次）数据点进行的多层次建模表明，从12.0岁起，未来的职业球员在带摆臂的垂直纵跳测试和障碍跑敏捷性测试中的表现优于未来的非职业球员，且提升速度更快，因此到18.0岁时，带摆臂的垂直纵跳和障碍跑敏捷性表现的差异分别为1.7厘米（p < 0.001，d = 0.3）和0.14秒（p < 0.001，d = 0.5）。此外，在整个发展过程中，未来的职业球员在20米冲刺中更快（快0.02 - 0.04秒，p < 0.001，d = 0.2），在多级体能测试中跑得更远（远47米，p = 0.014，d = 0.2），但两组在发育过程中的身高或体重没有差异。虽然多级体能测试成绩随年龄呈线性提高，但所有其他身体特征的发展是非线性的。所有特征的发展存在个体差异，且所有特征的发展在不同比赛位置之间也存在差异。因此，总的来说，随着年龄增长，未来的职业球员比未来的非职业球员跳得更高、更敏捷、更快且耐力更好，并且职业球员和非职业球员在垂直跳跃和障碍跑敏捷性表现的发展模式上有所不同。
