Ike Anthony C, Ononugbo Chukwuebuka M, Obi Okechukwu J, Onu Chisom J, Olovo Chinasa V, Muo Sophia O, Chukwu Okoro S, Reward Eleazar E, Omeke Odinakachukwu P
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu 410001, Nigeria.
Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Jan 4;9(1):20. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010020.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important diseases of poultry and have remained a threat to the development of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. The immunology of avian has been well studied and numerous vaccines have been developed against the two viruses. Most of these vaccines are either inactivated vaccines or live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines induce weak cellular immune responses and require priming with live or other types of vaccines. Advanced technology has been used to produce several types of vaccines that can initiate prime immune responses. However, as a result of rapid genetic variations, the control of these two viral infections through vaccination has remained a challenge. Using various strategies such as combination of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, development of IB/ND vaccines, use of DNA vaccines and transgenic plant vaccines, the problem is being surmounted. It is hoped that with increasing understanding of the immunological mechanisms in birds that are used in fighting these viruses, a more successful control of the diseases will be achieved. This will go a long way in contributing to global food security and the economic development of many developing countries, given the role of poultry in the attainment of these goals.
传染性支气管炎（IB）和新城疫（ND）是家禽的两种重要疾病，在世界许多地区仍然对家禽业的发展构成威胁。禽类免疫学已得到充分研究，并且已经开发出许多针对这两种病毒的疫苗。这些疫苗大多是灭活疫苗或减毒活疫苗。灭活疫苗诱导的细胞免疫反应较弱，需要用活疫苗或其他类型的疫苗进行初次免疫。先进技术已被用于生产几种能够引发初次免疫反应的疫苗。然而，由于病毒的快速基因变异，通过接种疫苗控制这两种病毒感染仍然是一项挑战。通过使用各种策略，如减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗联合使用、开发IB/ND二联疫苗、使用DNA疫苗和转基因植物疫苗，这个问题正在得到解决。希望随着对用于对抗这些病毒的禽类免疫机制的深入了解，能够更成功地控制这些疾病。鉴于家禽在实现这些目标中的作用，这将对全球粮食安全和许多发展中国家的经济发展大有帮助。
