Laboratory for Evaluation of the Bioactivity and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, São Paulo State University, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
J Nanobiotechnology. 2021 Feb 24;19(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00797-5.
Biogenic nanoparticles possess a capping of biomolecules derived from the organism employed in the synthesis, which contributes to their stability and biological activity. These nanoparticles have been highlighted for the control of phytopathogens, so there is a need to understand their composition, mechanisms of action, and toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the importance of the capping and compare the effects of capped and uncapped biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using the filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum against the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Capping removal, investigation of the composition of the capping and physico-chemical characterization of the capped and uncapped nanoparticles were performed. The effects of the nanoparticles on S. sclerotiorum were evaluated in vitro. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the nanoparticles on different cell lines and its effects on nontarget microorganisms were also investigated.
The capped and uncapped nanoparticles showed spherical morphology, with greater diameter of the uncapped ones. Functional groups of biomolecules, protein bands and the hydrolytic enzymes NAGase, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and acid protease from T. harzianum were detected in the capping. The capped nanoparticles showed great inhibitory potential against S. sclerotiorum, while the uncapped nanoparticles were ineffective. There was no difference in cytotoxicity comparing capped and uncapped nanoparticles, however higher genotoxicity of the uncapped nanoparticles was observed towards the cell lines. Regarding the effects on nontarget microorganisms, in the minimal inhibitory concentration assay only the capped nanoparticles inhibited microorganisms of agricultural importance, while in the molecular analysis of the soil microbiota there were major changes in the soils exposed to the uncapped nanoparticles.
The results suggest that the capping played an important role in controlling nanoparticle size and contributed to the biological activity of the nanoparticles against S. sclerotiorum. This study opens perspectives for investigations concerning the application of these nanoparticles for the control of phytopathogens.
生物成因纳米粒子具有来源于合成中所使用生物体的生物分子帽，这有助于其稳定性和生物活性。这些纳米粒子已被突出用于控制植物病原体，因此需要了解它们的组成、作用机制和毒性。本研究旨在探讨帽的重要性，并比较使用木霉滤液合成的带帽和不带帽的生物成因银纳米粒子对植物病原菌核盘菌的影响。进行了帽去除、帽组成的研究以及带帽和不带帽纳米粒子的物理化学特性的表征。在体外评估了纳米粒子对 S. sclerotiorum 的影响。还研究了纳米粒子对不同细胞系的细胞毒性和遗传毒性及其对非靶标微生物的影响。
带帽和不带帽的纳米粒子均呈球形形态，不带帽的纳米粒子直径较大。在帽中检测到生物分子的功能基团、蛋白带以及来自木霉的 NAGase、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶和酸性蛋白酶的水解酶。带帽纳米粒子对 S. sclerotiorum 具有很强的抑制潜力，而不带帽纳米粒子则无效。带帽和不带帽纳米粒子的细胞毒性没有差异，但不带帽纳米粒子对细胞系的遗传毒性更高。关于对非靶标微生物的影响，在最小抑菌浓度测定中，只有带帽纳米粒子抑制了对农业重要的微生物，而在土壤微生物区系的分子分析中，暴露于不带帽纳米粒子的土壤发生了重大变化。
结果表明，帽在控制纳米粒子尺寸方面发挥了重要作用，并有助于纳米粒子对 S. sclerotiorum 的生物活性。本研究为这些纳米粒子在控制植物病原体方面的应用研究开辟了前景。
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