Altinkaya Cesur, Aydin Erkan, Ugur Esma, Isikgor Furkan H, Subbiah Anand S, De Bastiani Michele, Liu Jiang, Babayigit Aslihan, Allen Thomas G, Laquai Frédéric, Yildiz Abdullah, De Wolf Stefaan
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06010, Turkey.
KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Adv Mater. 2021 Apr;33(15):e2005504. doi: 10.1002/adma.202005504. Epub 2021 Mar 3.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a promising photovoltaic (PV) technology, where the evolution of the electron-selective layers (ESLs), an integral part of any PV device, has played a distinctive role to their progress. To date, the mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO )/compact TiO stack has been among the most used ESLs in state-of-the-art PSCs. However, this material requires high-temperature sintering and may induce hysteresis under operational conditions, raising concerns about its use toward commercialization. Recently, tin oxide (SnO ) has emerged as an attractive alternative ESL, thanks to its wide bandgap, high optical transmission, high carrier mobility, suitable band alignment with perovskites, and decent chemical stability. Additionally, its low-temperature processability enables compatibility with temperature-sensitive substrates, and thus flexible devices and tandem solar cells. Here, the notable developments of SnO as a perovskite-relevant ESL are reviewed with emphasis placed on the various fabrication methods and interfacial passivation routes toward champion solar cells with high stability. Further, a techno-economic analysis of SnO materials for large-scale deployment, together with a processing-toxicology assessment, is presented. Finally, a perspective on how SnO materials can be instrumental in successful large-scale module and perovskite-based tandem solar cell manufacturing is provided.
钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）已成为一种很有前景的光伏（PV）技术，其中电子选择性层（ESLs）作为任何光伏器件不可或缺的一部分，其发展对PSCs的进步起到了独特作用。迄今为止，介孔二氧化钛（TiO₂）/致密TiO₂堆叠结构一直是最先进的PSCs中使用最广泛的电子选择性层之一。然而，这种材料需要高温烧结，并且在工作条件下可能会引起滞后现象，这引发了人们对其商业化应用的担忧。最近，氧化锡（SnO₂）作为一种有吸引力的替代电子选择性层出现了，这得益于其宽带隙、高光学透过率、高载流子迁移率、与钙钛矿合适的能带排列以及良好的化学稳定性。此外，其低温可加工性使其能够与对温度敏感的基板兼容，从而实现柔性器件和串联太阳能电池。在此，本文综述了SnO₂作为与钙钛矿相关的电子选择性层的显著进展，重点介绍了各种制备方法以及实现具有高稳定性的冠军太阳能电池的界面钝化途径。此外，还对大规模部署的SnO₂材料进行了技术经济分析，并进行了加工毒理学评估。最后，展望了SnO₂材料如何有助于成功制造大规模组件和基于钙钛矿的串联太阳能电池。
