Ward Ellen, Yang Ni, Muhlhausler Beverly S, Leghi Gabriela E, Netting Merryn J, Elmes Matthew J, Langley-Evans Simon C
School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Matern Child Nutr. 2021 Jul;17(3):e13168. doi: 10.1111/mcn.13168. Epub 2021 Mar 3.
Breast milk composition is influenced by habitual diet, yet little is known about the short-term effects of changes in maternal diet on breast milk macronutrient concentrations. Our aim was to determine the acute effect of increased consumption of sugar/fat on breast milk protein, lactose and lipids. Exclusively breastfeeding women (n = 9) were provided with a control, higher fat (+28 g fat) and higher sugar (+66 g sugar) diet over three separate days at least 1 week apart. Hourly breast milk samples were collected concurrently for the analysis of triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, and lactose concentrations. Breast milk triglycerides increased significantly following both the higher fat and sugar diet with a greater response to the higher sugar compared to control diet (mean differences of 3.05 g/dL ± 0.39 and 13.8 g/dL ± 0.39 in higher fat and sugar diets, respectively [P < 0.001]). Breast milk cholesterol concentrations increased most in response to the higher sugar diet (0.07 g/dL ± 0.005) compared to the control (0.04 g/dL) and the higher fat diet (0.05 g/dL) P < 0.005. Breast milk triglyceride and lactose concentrations increased (P < 0.001, P = 0.006), whereas protein decreased (p = 0.05) in response to the higher fat diet compared to the control. Independent of diet, there were significant variations in breast milk composition over the day; triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were higher at end of day (P < 0.001), whereas protein and lactose concentrations peaked at Hour 10 (of 12) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, controlled short-term feeding to increase daily sugar/fat consumption altered breast milk triglycerides, cholesterol, protein and lactose. The variations observed in breast milk protein and lactose across the 12 h period is suggestive of a circadian rhythm.
母乳成分受饮食习惯影响，但关于母亲饮食变化对母乳常量营养素浓度的短期影响却知之甚少。我们的目的是确定增加糖/脂肪摄入量对母乳蛋白质、乳糖和脂质的急性影响。在至少间隔1周的三个不同日子里，为9名纯母乳喂养的女性分别提供对照饮食、高脂肪（增加28克脂肪）饮食和高糖（增加66克糖）饮食。同时每小时采集母乳样本，用于分析甘油三酯、胆固醇、蛋白质和乳糖浓度。高脂肪和高糖饮食后，母乳甘油三酯均显著增加，与对照饮食相比，高糖饮食的反应更大（高脂肪和高糖饮食的平均差异分别为3.05克/分升±0.39和13.8克/分升±0.39 [P < 0.001]）。与对照（0.04克/分升）和高脂肪饮食（0.05克/分升）相比，高糖饮食使母乳胆固醇浓度增加最多（0.07克/分升±0.005），P < 0.005。与对照相比，高脂肪饮食使母乳甘油三酯和乳糖浓度增加（P < 0.001，P = 0.006），而蛋白质减少（P = 0.05）。与饮食无关，一天中母乳成分存在显著差异；甘油三酯和胆固醇浓度在一天结束时较高（P < 0.001），而蛋白质和乳糖浓度在（12小时中的）第10小时达到峰值（P < 0.001）。总之，通过控制短期喂养增加每日糖/脂肪摄入量会改变母乳中的甘油三酯、胆固醇、蛋白质和乳糖。在12小时期间观察到的母乳蛋白质和乳糖变化表明存在昼夜节律。
