Center for Health Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China; International Research Center for Translational Orthopaedics (IRCTO), Jiangsu, China.
Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Acta Biomater. 2021 Jun;127:41-55. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.050. Epub 2021 Mar 31.
This review recognizes a unique calcium phosphate (CaP) phase known as monetite or dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA, CaHPO), and presents an overview of its properties, processing, and applications in orthopedics. The motivation for the present effort is to highlight the state-of-the-art research and development of monetite and propel the research community to explore more of its potentials in orthopedics. After a brief introduction of monetite, we provide a summary of its various synthesis routes like dehydration, solvent-based, energy-assisted processes and also discuss the formation of different crystal structures with respect to the synthesis conditions. Subsequently, we discuss the material's noteworthy physico-chemical properties including the crystal structure, vibrational spectra, solubility, thermal decomposition, and conversion to other phases. Of note, we focus on the biological (in vitro and in vivo) properties of monetite, given its ever-increasing popularity as a biomaterial for medical implants. Appropriately, we discuss various orthopedic applications of monetite as bone cement, implant coatings, granules for defect fillers, and scaffolds. Many in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the favorable osteointegration and osteoconduction properties of monetite products, along with a better balance between implant resorption and new bone formation as compared to other CaP phases. The review ends with translational aspects of monetite and presents thoughts about its possible future research directions. Further research may explore but not limited to improvements in mechanical strength of monetite-based scaffolds, using monetite particles as a therapeutic agent delivery, and tissue engineering strategies where monetite serves as the biomaterial. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first review that focusses on the favorable potential of monetite for hard tissue repair and regeneration. The article accurately covers the "Synthesis-Structure-Property-Applications" correlations elaborating on monetite's diverse material properties. Special focus is put on the in vitro and in vivo properties of the material highlighting monetite as an orthopedic material-of-choice. The synthesis techniques are discussed which provide important information about the different fabrication routes for monetite. Most importantly, the review provides comprehensive knowledge about the diverse biomedical applications of monetite as granules, defect--specific scaffolds, bone cements and implant coatings. This review will help to highlight monetite's potential as an effective regenerative medicine and catalyze the continuing translation of this bioceramic from the laboratory to clinics.
这篇综述介绍了一种独特的磷酸钙（CaP）相，称为磷灰石或无水磷酸二钙（DCPA，CaHPO₄），并概述了其性质、加工以及在骨科中的应用。目前研究工作的动机是强调磷灰石的最新研究和开发，并推动研究界更多地探索其在骨科中的潜力。在简要介绍磷灰石之后，我们提供了各种合成途径的概述，如脱水、溶剂型、能量辅助过程，并讨论了不同晶体结构的形成与合成条件的关系。随后，我们讨论了该材料引人注目的物理化学性质，包括晶体结构、振动光谱、溶解度、热分解以及向其他相的转化。值得注意的是，鉴于磷灰石作为医用植入物生物材料的日益普及，我们重点讨论了其生物（体外和体内）性质。因此，我们讨论了磷灰石作为骨水泥、植入物涂层、缺陷填充颗粒和支架等各种骨科应用。许多体外和体内研究证实了磷灰石产品具有良好的成骨整合和骨传导特性，并且与其他 CaP 相比，植入物吸收和新骨形成之间的平衡更好。综述以磷灰石的转化方面结束，并提出了对其未来可能研究方向的思考。进一步的研究可能会探索但不限于提高基于磷灰石的支架的机械强度、将磷灰石颗粒用作治疗剂输送以及组织工程策略，其中磷灰石用作生物材料。
这是第一篇专注于磷灰石在硬组织修复和再生方面的有利潜力的综述文章。本文准确地涵盖了“合成-结构-性质-应用”的相关性，详细阐述了磷灰石的多种材料性质。特别关注材料的体外和体内性质，强调磷灰石作为骨科首选材料的特性。讨论了合成技术，为磷灰石的不同制造路线提供了重要信息。最重要的是，综述全面介绍了磷灰石作为颗粒、特定缺陷支架、骨水泥和植入物涂层的多种生物医学应用。这篇综述将有助于突出磷灰石作为一种有效的再生医学的潜力，并推动这种生物陶瓷从实验室向临床的持续转化。
