Tupone Maria Grazia, d'Angelo Michele, Castelli Vanessa, Catanesi Mariano, Benedetti Elisabetta, Cimini Annamaria
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Center for Microscopy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021 Mar 18;9:639765. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.639765. eCollection 2021.
Exploring and developing multifunctional intelligent biomaterials is crucial to improve next-generation therapies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recent findings show how distinct characteristics of microenvironment can be mimicked by using different biomaterials. tissue architecture is characterized by the interconnection between cells and specific components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Last evidence shows the importance of the structure and composition of the ECM in the development of cellular and molecular techniques, to achieve the best biodegradable and bioactive biomaterial compatible to human physiology. Such biomaterials provide specialized bioactive signals to regulate the surrounding biological habitat, through the progression of wound healing and biomaterial integration. The connection between stem cells and biomaterials stimulate the occurrence of specific modifications in terms of cell properties and fate, influencing then processes such as self-renewal, cell adhesion and differentiation. Recent studies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have shown to deal with a broad area of applications, offering the most efficient and suitable strategies to neural repair and regeneration, drawing attention towards the potential use of biomaterials as 3D tools for neurodevelopment of tissue models, both in physiological and pathological conditions. In this direction, there are several tools supporting cell regeneration, which associate cytokines and other soluble factors delivery through the scaffold, and different approaches considering the features of the biomaterials, for an increased functionalization of the scaffold and for a better promotion of neural proliferation and cells-ECM interplay. In fact, 3D scaffolds need to ensure a progressive and regular delivery of cytokines, growth factors, or biomolecules, and moreover they should serve as a guide and support for injured tissues. It is also possible to create scaffolds with different layers, each one possessing different physical and biochemical aspects, able to provide at the same time organization, support and maintenance of the specific cell phenotype and diversified ECM morphogenesis. Our review summarizes the most recent advancements in functional materials, which are crucial to achieve the best performance and at the same time, to overcome the current limitations in tissue engineering and nervous tissue regeneration.
探索和开发多功能智能生物材料对于改善组织工程和再生医学中的下一代疗法至关重要。最近的研究结果表明，如何通过使用不同的生物材料来模拟微环境的不同特征。组织结构的特点是细胞与细胞外基质（ECM）的特定成分之间的相互连接。最新证据表明，ECM的结构和组成在细胞和分子技术的发展中具有重要性，以实现与人体生理兼容的最佳可生物降解和生物活性生物材料。这种生物材料通过伤口愈合和生物材料整合的进程，提供专门的生物活性信号来调节周围的生物栖息地。干细胞与生物材料之间的联系刺激了细胞特性和命运方面特定修饰的发生，进而影响自我更新、细胞粘附和分化等过程。组织工程和再生医学领域的最新研究表明，其应用领域广泛，为神经修复和再生提供了最有效和合适的策略，使人们关注生物材料作为组织模型神经发育的3D工具在生理和病理条件下的潜在用途。在这个方向上，有几种支持细胞再生的工具，它们通过支架将细胞因子和其他可溶性因子传递，以及考虑生物材料特性的不同方法，以增加支架的功能化并更好地促进神经增殖和细胞与ECM的相互作用。事实上，3D支架需要确保细胞因子、生长因子或生物分子的逐步和定期递送，而且它们应该为受损组织提供指导和支持。还可以创建具有不同层的支架，每层具有不同的物理和生化特性，能够同时提供特定细胞表型的组织、支持和维持以及多样化的ECM形态发生。我们的综述总结了功能材料的最新进展，这些进展对于实现最佳性能以及同时克服组织工程和神经组织再生中的当前限制至关重要。
