Department of Pediatrics, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor Street, No. 1-3, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Inflammopharmacology. 2021 Jun;29(3):753-769. doi: 10.1007/s10787-021-00805-y. Epub 2021 Apr 21.
Rhinosinusitis is a common disorder related to inflammation of paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity mucosa. Herbal medicines could be an option in the treatment of rhinosinusitis due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. The study aims to investigate the effect of intranasal Sambucus nigra L. subsp. nigra (SN) extract against inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling in nasal and sinus mucosa, but also in serum, lungs, and brain, in Wistar rat model of subacute sinonasal inflammation induced by local administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), from Escherichia Coli. The cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) in nasal mucosa, blood, lungs, and brain were analyzed. In addition, a histopathological examination was performed, and NF-kB, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1 expressions were also evaluated in nasal mucosa. Both doses of LPS increased the production of cytokines in all the investigated tissues, especially in the nasal mucosa and blood (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), and stimulated their secretion in the lungs, and partially in the brain. Malondialdehyde increased in all the investigated tissues (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). In parallel, upregulation of NF-kB and MMP2 expressions with downregulation of TIMP1, particularly at high dose of LPS, was observed. SN extract reduced the local inflammatory response, maintained low levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. In lungs, SN reduced all cytokines levels while in the brain, the protective effect was noticed only on IL-6. Additionally, SN diminished lipid peroxidation and downregulated NF-kB in animals exposed to a low dose of LPS, with increased TIMP1 expression, while in animals treated with a high dose of LPS, SN increased NF-kB, MMP2, and MMP9 levels. In conclusion, SN extract diminished the inflammatory response, reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, influenced MMPs expressions, suggesting the benficial effect of SN extract on tissue remodeling in subacute rhinosinusitis and on systemic inflammatory response.
鼻窦炎是一种常见的疾病，与副鼻窦和鼻腔黏膜的炎症有关。草药可能是治疗鼻窦炎的一种选择，因为它们具有抗炎和抗氧化特性。本研究旨在探讨鼻内给予黑接骨木（Sambucus nigra L. subsp. nigra，SN）提取物对脂多糖（来自大肠杆菌）局部给药诱导的亚急性鼻-鼻窦炎症的大鼠模型的鼻和鼻窦黏膜、血清、肺和脑的炎症、氧化应激和组织重塑的影响。分析了鼻黏膜、血液、肺和脑中的细胞因子（TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6）和氧化应激（丙二醛）。此外，还进行了组织病理学检查，并评估了鼻黏膜中 NF-kB、MMP2、MMP9 和 TIMP1 的表达。两种剂量的 LPS 均增加了所有研究组织中细胞因子的产生，尤其是在鼻黏膜和血液中（p < 0.01 和 p < 0.05），并刺激了它们在肺中的分泌，部分在脑中分泌。所有研究组织中的丙二醛均增加（p < 0.01 和 p < 0.05）。同时，观察到 NF-kB 和 MMP2 的表达上调以及 TIMP1 的下调，尤其是在高剂量 LPS 下。SN 提取物减轻了局部炎症反应，维持了低水平的 IL-6、TNF-α 和 IL-1β。在肺中，SN 降低了所有细胞因子的水平，而在脑，仅观察到对 IL-6 的保护作用。此外，SN 减少了低剂量 LPS 暴露动物的脂质过氧化作用，并上调了 TIMP1 的表达，而在高剂量 LPS 处理的动物中，SN 增加了 NF-kB、MMP2 和 MMP9 的水平。总之，SN 提取物减轻了炎症反应，减少了活性氧（ROS）的产生，并影响了 MMPs 的表达，提示 SN 提取物对亚急性鼻窦炎的组织重塑和全身炎症反应具有有益作用。
