Abhange Komal, Makler Amy, Wen Yi, Ramnauth Natasha, Mao Wenjun, Asghar Waseem, Wan Yuan
The Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
Bioact Mater. 2021 Apr 7;6(11):3705-3743. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.015. eCollection 2021 Nov.
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are lipid-bilayer enclosed vesicles in submicron size that are released from cells. A variety of molecules, including proteins, DNA fragments, RNAs, lipids, and metabolites can be selectively encapsulated into EVs and delivered to nearby and distant recipient cells. In tumors, through such intercellular communication, EVs can regulate initiation, growth, metastasis and invasion of tumors. Recent studies have found that EVs exhibit specific expression patterns which mimic the parental cell, providing a fingerprint for early cancer diagnosis and prognosis as well as monitoring responses to treatment. Accordingly, various EV isolation and detection technologies have been developed for research and diagnostic purposes. Moreover, natural and engineered EVs have also been used as drug delivery nanocarriers, cancer vaccines, cell surface modulators, therapeutic agents and therapeutic targets. Overall, EVs are under intense investigation as they hold promise for pathophysiological and translational discoveries. This comprehensive review examines the latest EV research trends over the last five years, encompassing their roles in cancer pathophysiology, diagnostics and therapeutics. This review aims to examine the full spectrum of tumor-EV studies and provide a comprehensive foundation to enhance the field. The topics which are discussed and scrutinized in this review encompass isolation techniques and how these issues need to be overcome for EV-based diagnostics, EVs and their roles in cancer biology, biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring, EVs as vaccines, therapeutic targets, and EVs as drug delivery systems. We will also examine the challenges involved in EV research and promote a framework for catalyzing scientific discovery and innovation for tumor-EV-focused research.
细胞外囊泡（EV）是从细胞中释放出来的亚微米大小的脂质双层包裹的囊泡。多种分子，包括蛋白质、DNA片段、RNA、脂质和代谢产物，可以被选择性地封装到细胞外囊泡中，并传递给附近和远处的受体细胞。在肿瘤中，通过这种细胞间通讯，细胞外囊泡可以调节肿瘤的起始、生长、转移和侵袭。最近的研究发现，细胞外囊泡呈现出模仿亲代细胞的特定表达模式，为癌症早期诊断、预后以及监测治疗反应提供了一个特征。因此，已经开发了各种细胞外囊泡分离和检测技术用于研究和诊断目的。此外，天然和工程化的细胞外囊泡也被用作药物递送纳米载体、癌症疫苗、细胞表面调节剂、治疗剂和治疗靶点。总体而言，细胞外囊泡正在受到深入研究，因为它们有望实现病理生理学和转化医学方面的发现。这篇综述探讨了过去五年细胞外囊泡的最新研究趋势，包括它们在癌症病理生理学、诊断和治疗中的作用。这篇综述旨在审视肿瘤细胞外囊泡研究的全貌，并提供一个全面的基础来推动该领域的发展。本综述中讨论和审视的主题包括分离技术以及如何为基于细胞外囊泡的诊断克服这些问题、细胞外囊泡及其在癌症生物学中的作用、诊断和监测的生物标志物、作为疫苗的细胞外囊泡、治疗靶点以及作为药物递送系统的细胞外囊泡。我们还将探讨细胞外囊泡研究中涉及的挑战，并推动一个框架以促进针对肿瘤细胞外囊泡研究的科学发现和创新。
