School of Civil, Architectural and Environmental System Eng., Graduate School of Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Oct 1;789:147764. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147764. Epub 2021 May 15.
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may spread through aerosols, so-called airborne transmission, especially in a poorly ventilated indoor environment. Ventilation protects the occupants against airborne transmission. Various studies have been performed on the importance of sufficient ventilation for diluting the concentration of virus and lowering any subsequent dose inhaled by the occupants. However, the ventilation situation can be problematic in public buildings and other shared spaces, such as shops, offices, schools, and restaurants. If ventilation is provided by opening windows, the outdoor airflow rate depends strongly on the specific local conditions (opening sizes, relative positions, climatic and weather conditions). This study uses field measurements to analyze the natural ventilation performance in a school building according to the window opening rates, positions, and weather conditions. The ventilation rates were calculated by the tracer gas decay method, and the infection risk was assessed using the Wells-Riley equation. Under cross-ventilation conditions, the average ventilation rates were measured at 6.51 h for 15% window opening, and 11.20 h for 30% window opening. For single-sided ventilation, the ventilation rates were reduced to about 30% of the values from the cross-ventilation cases. The infection probability is less than 1% in all cases when a mask is worn and more than 15% of the windows are open with cross-ventilation. With single-sided ventilation, if the exposure time is less than 1 h, the infection probability can be kept less than 1% with a mask. However, the infection probability exceeds 1% in all cases where exposure time is greater than 2 h, regardless of whether or not a mask is worn. Also, when the air conditioner was operated with a window opening ratio of 15%, power consumption increased by 10.2%.
世界卫生组织（WHO）宣布，严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）可能通过气溶胶传播，即所谓的空气传播，尤其是在通风不良的室内环境中。通风可保护居住者免受空气传播的影响。已经有多项研究表明，充分通风对于稀释病毒浓度并降低居住者吸入的后续剂量非常重要。但是，在公共场所和其他共享空间（例如商店、办公室、学校和餐馆）中，通风情况可能会出现问题。如果通过打开窗户提供通风，则室外气流速率强烈取决于特定的局部条件（开口大小、相对位置、气候和天气条件）。本研究使用现场测量来根据窗户的开口率、位置和天气条件分析学校建筑物的自然通风性能。通过示踪气体衰减法计算通风率，并使用 Wells-Riley 方程评估感染风险。在交叉通风条件下，当窗户开口率为 15%时，平均通风率为 6.51 小时，当窗户开口率为 30%时，平均通风率为 11.20 小时。对于单侧通风，通风率降低到交叉通风情况的约 30%。当所有人都佩戴口罩且有超过 15%的窗户打开进行交叉通风时，所有情况下的感染概率都小于 1%。在单侧通风的情况下，如果暴露时间小于 1 小时，则可以通过佩戴口罩将感染概率保持在 1%以下。但是，只要暴露时间大于 2 小时，所有情况下的感染概率都超过 1%，无论是否佩戴口罩。此外，当空调的窗户开口率为 15%时，耗电量增加了 10.2%。
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