Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee, Tzemach 1410502, Israel.
School for Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May 22;18(11):5552. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115552.
This article constructs a comprehensive theoretical model that outlines bystanders' emotional and behavioral responses to the mistreatment of adolescent peers. The model captures bystanders' risk and health risk behaviors, which have been overlooked in the context of their reactions; when addressed at all in connection with bystanders of bullying among adolescents, they have been treated separately. Here, we present bystanders' emotional and cognitive reactions and their impact on bystanders' responses including a set of responses that demonstrate risk and health risk behaviors that are directed to the bystander as a victim by proxy. The theoretical framework is the conservation of resources theory, which posits that personal resources (i.e., potency and moral disengagement) and social resources impact the process that leads to bystanders' reactions. Previous models have overlooked the integrative viewpoint of bystanders, and comprehensive models that explain bystanders' behavioral and emotional responses have received little attention especially with regards to adolescents. Two recent models overlooked core features embedded in the current model, including the risk and health risk behaviors that it integrates. The proposed model presents a novel and more comprehensive view of bystanders' reactions and the process underlying these reactions. It integrates existing knowledge embedded in other existing models. At the same time, this perspective indicates the centricity of potency as a key resource that dictates the emotional response and behaviors of bystanders. This potentially allows for new applications in the mitigation of adverse impacts that follow the witnessing of mistreatment. The article discusses these applications, which are based on previous findings, their implications for practice, and directions for future empirical research necessary to validate the model.
本文构建了一个综合理论模型，概述了旁观者对青少年同伴虐待的情绪和行为反应。该模型捕捉了旁观者的风险和健康风险行为，这些行为在他们的反应背景下被忽视了；当与青少年中旁观者对欺凌的反应联系起来时，它们被分别对待。在这里，我们呈现了旁观者的情绪和认知反应，以及它们对旁观者反应的影响，包括一组反应，这些反应表现出风险和健康风险行为，这些行为是通过代理人来针对旁观者的。理论框架是资源保护理论，该理论假设个人资源（即能力和道德脱离）和社会资源影响导致旁观者反应的过程。以前的模型忽略了旁观者的综合观点，综合解释旁观者行为和情绪反应的模型很少受到关注，尤其是针对青少年的模型。最近的两个模型忽略了当前模型中嵌入的核心特征，包括它集成的风险和健康风险行为。所提出的模型提出了一个新的、更全面的旁观者反应及其背后反应过程的观点。它整合了其他现有模型中嵌入的现有知识。同时，这种观点表明能力作为一种关键资源的中心地位，决定了旁观者的情绪反应和行为。这可能为减轻目睹虐待后产生的不利影响提供新的应用。本文讨论了这些应用，这些应用基于以前的发现，对实践的意义，以及验证该模型所需的未来实证研究的方向。
